Hendrickson D, Armon J, Mearns R
Disasters. 1998 Sep;22(3):185-99. doi: 10.1111/1467-7717.00086.
The context of famine in Turkana has changed in recent years as the role played by livestock raiding in contributing to famine has increased. External responses to famine in Turkana have largely been drought driven, for example, food assistance and livestock restocking programmers, which have failed to meet the real needs of herders. The role of armed conflict in the form of raiding has been overlooked as a common feature of societies facing famine and food insecurity. The traditional livelihood-enhancing functions of livestock raiding are contrasted with the more predatory forms common today. The direct impact of raiding on livelihood security can be devastating, while the threat of raids and measures taken to cope with this uncertainty undermine herders' livelihood strategies. Self-imposed restrictions on mobility negatively affect the vegetation of both grazed and ungrazed pastures and restrict the available survival strategies. Predatory raiding leads to a collapse in the moral economy. Some implications of this for relief and development policy are considered, including approaches to conflict resolution.
近年来，图尔卡纳地区饥荒的背景发生了变化，因为牲畜劫掠在导致饥荒方面所起的作用有所增加。外部对图尔卡纳地区饥荒的应对措施主要是由干旱驱动的，例如粮食援助和牲畜补栏计划，但这些措施未能满足牧民的实际需求。以劫掠形式出现的武装冲突的作用，作为面临饥荒和粮食不安全的社会的一个共同特征，一直被忽视。牲畜劫掠传统上增强生计的功能，与如今常见的更具掠夺性的形式形成了对比。劫掠对生计安全的直接影响可能是毁灭性的，而劫掠的威胁以及为应对这种不确定性而采取的措施，破坏了牧民的生计策略。自我施加的行动限制对放牧和未放牧牧场的植被都有负面影响，并限制了可用的生存策略。掠夺性劫掠导致道德经济的崩溃。本文考虑了这对救济和发展政策的一些影响，包括冲突解决方法。
