Bergamasco R, Girola C, Colombini D
Embraco-Aspera S.r.l., Turin, Italy.
Ergonomics. 1998 Sep;41(9):1364-83. doi: 10.1080/001401398186379.
Preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs (WMSDs) associated with repetitive tasks can be divided into three categories: structural, organizational and educational. Whenever specific risk and injury assessments have shown the need for preventive action, this is most often implemented within the framework of a range of assorted measures. In particular, structural measures involve optimizing the layout of the work area and furnishings, and the 'ergonomic' properties of work tools and equipment. Such measures serve to alleviate the problems caused by the use of excessive force and awkward postures. The authors refer to the principles guiding such structural measures, in the light of the extensive literature that has been published on the subject. Organizational (or reorganizational) measures essentially relate to job design (i.e. distribution of tasks, speeds and pauses). They serve to alleviate problems connected with highly repetitive and frequent actions, excessively lengthy tasks and inadequate recovery periods. Very few relevant findings are available: the authors therefore illustrate in some detail a practical trial conducted in a major engineering firm. The objective was to lower to acceptable limits the frequency of certain repetitive tasks performed using the upper limbs. The trial made it possible to identify a suitable plan and schedule of measures taking into due consideration the impact of the plan on production levels (and costs). The fundamental principles guiding the adoption of specific educational and training programmes for the workers and their supervisors are presented and discussed.
旨在尽量减少与重复性任务相关的上肢工作相关肌肉骨骼疾病（WMSDs）发生的预防措施可分为三类：结构类、组织类和教育类。每当具体的风险和伤害评估表明需要采取预防行动时，这通常是在一系列各类措施的框架内实施的。特别是，结构类措施包括优化工作区域和家具的布局，以及工作工具和设备的“人体工程学”特性。此类措施有助于缓解因用力过度和姿势不当而造成的问题。作者根据已发表的关于该主题的大量文献，阐述了指导此类结构类措施的原则。组织（或重组）类措施主要涉及工作设计（即任务分配、速度和停顿）。它们有助于缓解与高度重复和频繁的动作、过长的任务以及恢复时间不足相关的问题。相关研究结果非常少：因此，作者详细说明了在一家大型工程公司进行的一项实际试验。其目的是将使用上肢执行的某些重复性任务的频率降低到可接受的限度。该试验使得能够确定一个合适的措施计划和时间表，同时适当考虑该计划对生产水平（和成本）的影响。文中还介绍并讨论了指导为工人及其主管人员采用特定教育和培训计划的基本原则。
