Müller E, Bartlett R, Raschner C, Schwameder H, Benko-Bernwick U, Lindinger S
Institut für Sportwissenschaften der Universität Salzburg, Austria.
J Sports Sci. 1998 Aug;16(6):545-59. doi: 10.1080/026404198366515.
We compared selected kinematic variables for four different ski turn techniques performed by five experienced and five intermediate male skiers. The four ski turn techniques were the upstem turn, the downstem turn, the parallel turn and the parallel step turn. Each turn was divided into the initiation phase and the first and second steering phases. Most of the statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two groups were found for the initiation phases of the four turns. Both the hip axis-hand axis angle and the edging angle of the uphill ski were significantly different between the two groups for the upstem turn at the beginning of the initiation phase. For the downstem turn, significant differences between the groups were found at the start of the initiation phase for the hip axis-hand axis angle, the shoulder axis-fall line angle, and the edging angle of the uphill ski. The standard deviation of the distance between the tips of the two skis over the second steering phase also differed significantly between the two groups. For the parallel step turn, significant differences were found at the start of the initiation phase for the edging angle of the downhill ski and the downhill ski to movement direction angle. Significant differences were also found for the edging angle of the downhill ski in the middle of the second steering phase and the shoulder axis to movement direction angle at the end of this phase. For the initiation phase of the parallel turn, significant differences were found for the timing of setting the ski pole, the uphill knee angle at the start of this phase and the range of the knee angle of the uphill leg from the start to the end of this phase. For this turn, significant differences between the two groups were also found for the edging angle of the downhill ski in the middle of the second steering phase and the shoulder axis to movement direction angle at the end of this phase. One of the reasons it was possible to identify a few significant differences only for the turns analysed, was the variability within the intermediate group: for most of the variables analysed, the standard deviation was much higher for the intermediate than for the experienced group.
我们比较了5名经验丰富的男性滑雪者和5名中级男性滑雪者所采用的四种不同滑雪转弯技术的选定运动学变量。这四种滑雪转弯技术分别是上杆转弯、下杆转弯、平行转弯和平行跨步转弯。每个转弯都分为起始阶段以及第一和第二转向阶段。两组之间在四个转弯的起始阶段发现了大多数具有统计学意义的差异（P < 0.05）。在上杆转弯起始阶段开始时，两组之间的髋轴 - 手轴角度以及上坡滑雪板的立刃角度均存在显著差异。对于下杆转弯，在起始阶段开始时，两组在髋轴 - 手轴角度、肩轴 - 滚落线角度以及上坡滑雪板的立刃角度方面存在显著差异。在第二转向阶段，两组之间两滑雪板尖端之间距离的标准差也存在显著差异。对于平行跨步转弯，在下坡滑雪板的立刃角度以及下坡滑雪板与运动方向角度的起始阶段开始时发现了显著差异。在第二转向阶段中间的下坡滑雪板立刃角度以及该阶段结束时的肩轴与运动方向角度也发现了显著差异。对于平行转弯的起始阶段，在设置滑雪杖的时机、该阶段开始时的上坡膝盖角度以及该阶段从开始到结束时上坡腿膝盖角度的范围方面发现了显著差异。对于这个转弯，在第二转向阶段中间的下坡滑雪板立刃角度以及该阶段结束时的肩轴与运动方向角度方面两组之间也存在显著差异。仅在分析的转弯中能够识别出一些显著差异的原因之一是中级组内的变异性：对于大多数分析变量，中级组的标准差远高于经验丰富组。
