Ramachandran V S, Hirstein W
Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA.
Brain. 1998 Sep;121 ( Pt 9):1603-30. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.9.1603.
Almost everyone who has a limb amputated will experience a phantom limb--the vivid impression that the limb is not only still present, but in some cases, painful. There is now a wealth of empirical evidence demonstrating changes in cortical topography in primates following deafferentation or amputation, and this review will attempt to relate these in a systematic way to the clinical phenomenology of phantom limbs. With the advent of non-invasive imaging techniques such as MEG (magnetoencephalogram) and functional MRI, topographical reorganization can also be demonstrated in humans, so that it is now possible to track perceptual changes and changes in cortical topography in individual patients. We suggest, therefore, that these patients provide a valuable opportunity not only for exploring neural plasticity in the adult human brain but also for understanding the relationship between the activity of sensory neurons and conscious experience. We conclude with a theory of phantom limbs, some striking demonstrations of phantoms induced in normal subjects, and some remarks about the relevance of these phenomena to the question of how the brain constructs a 'body image.'
几乎每个接受肢体截肢的人都会体验到幻肢——一种生动的感觉，即肢体不仅仍然存在，而且在某些情况下还会疼痛。现在有大量的经验证据表明，灵长类动物在去传入神经或截肢后皮质地形图会发生变化，本综述将试图以系统的方式将这些变化与幻肢的临床现象学联系起来。随着诸如脑磁图（MEG）和功能磁共振成像等非侵入性成像技术的出现，人类的地形重组也能够被证实，因此现在有可能追踪个体患者的感知变化和皮质地形图的变化。因此，我们认为，这些患者不仅为探索成人大脑的神经可塑性提供了宝贵的机会，也为理解感觉神经元的活动与意识体验之间的关系提供了机会。我们以幻肢理论、在正常受试者中诱发幻肢的一些惊人演示以及关于这些现象与大脑如何构建“身体形象”问题的相关性的一些评论作为总结。
