Nyberg F, Agrenius V, Svartengren K, Svensson C, Pershagen G
Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Int J Cancer. 1998 Nov 9;78(4):430-6. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981109)78:4<430::aid-ijc7>3.0.co;2-v.
We studied dietary risk factors for lung cancer among never-smokers in a population-based case-control study in Stockholm, 1989-1995. Study subjects were older than 30 years of age and had never smoked regularly. A total of 124 cases (35 men, 89 women) and 235 controls (72 men, 163 women) participated. Exposure information was obtained at interview with study subjects. The never-smoking status was validated by interviews with next-of-kin. A protective effect was suggested for vegetables, mediated primarily by carrots (relative risk [RR], 0.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-1.3, and 0.6, 0.3-1.1 for intermediate and high consumption of carrots, respectively). Non-citrus fruits appeared to lower the risk as well, with RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.3 and 0.5, 0.3-1.0 for intermediate and high consumption, respectively. A protective effect with dose-response was also seen for intake of beta-carotene and total carotenoids. Increased risks were seen for cultured milk products in both genders (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.9 for intermediate and 1.6, 0.9-2.9 for high consumption), but for milk only among male high consumers. Our results support evidence linking a diet rich in vegetables and non-citrus fruit with decreased lung cancer risk and suggests that among vegetables, carrot consumption is the most important component or marker for this effect in Sweden. The results regarding milk products could be consistent with dietary fat as a risk factor for lung cancer, although a more comprehensive assessment of fat intake is necessary to explore this relation.
1989年至1995年，我们在斯德哥尔摩开展了一项基于人群的病例对照研究，以探究从不吸烟者患肺癌的饮食风险因素。研究对象年龄超过30岁，且从未有规律地吸烟。共有124例病例（35名男性，89名女性）和235名对照者（72名男性，163名女性）参与研究。通过与研究对象访谈获取暴露信息。从不吸烟状态通过与近亲访谈进行验证。研究表明蔬菜具有保护作用，主要由胡萝卜介导（相对风险[RR]，0.7；95%置信区间[CI]，0.4 - 1.3，中等和高摄入量胡萝卜的RR分别为0.6，0.3 - 1.1）。非柑橘类水果似乎也能降低风险，中等和高摄入量时的RR分别为0.6，95%CI 0.3 - 1.3和0.5，0.3 - 1.0。β-胡萝卜素和总类胡萝卜素的摄入量也呈现出剂量反应式的保护作用。两性食用加工乳制品的风险均增加（中等摄入量时RR为2.0，95%CI 1.1 - 3.9；高摄入量时RR为1.6，0.9 - 2.9），但仅男性高消费者食用牛奶时风险增加。我们的研究结果支持了富含蔬菜和非柑橘类水果的饮食与降低肺癌风险相关的证据，并表明在瑞典，蔬菜中，胡萝卜的食用是这种影响的最重要组成部分或标志物。关于乳制品的研究结果可能与膳食脂肪作为肺癌风险因素一致，尽管需要对脂肪摄入量进行更全面的评估以探究这种关系。
