Marr L C, Morrison G C, Nazaroff W W, Harley R A
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1998 Oct;48(10):899-906. doi: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463745.
Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from motor vehicles cause several hundred accidental fatal poisonings annually in the United States. The circumstances that could lead to fatal poisonings in residential settings with motor vehicles as the source of CO were explored. The risk of death in a garage (volume = 90 m3) and a single-family dwelling (400 m3) was evaluated using a Monte Carlo simulation with varying CO emission rates and ventilation rates. Information on emission rates was obtained from a survey of motor vehicle exhaust gas composition under warm idle conditions in California, and information on ventilation rates was obtained from a summary of published measurements in the U.S. housing stock. The risk of death ranged from 16 to 21% for a 3-hr exposure in a garage to 0% for a 1-hr exposure in a house. Older vehicles were associated with a disproportionately high risk of death. Removing all pre-1975 vehicles from the fleet would reduce the risk of death by one-fourth to two-thirds, depending on the exposure scenario. Significant efforts have been made to control CO emissions from motor vehicles with the goal of reducing CO concentrations in outdoor air. Substantial public health benefit could also be obtained if vehicle control measures were designed to take account of acute CO poisonings explicitly.
在美国，机动车排放的一氧化碳（CO）每年导致数百起意外致命中毒事件。本文探讨了以机动车为一氧化碳来源，在居住环境中可能导致致命中毒的情况。通过蒙特卡洛模拟，在不同的一氧化碳排放率和通风率下，评估了车库（容积 = 90立方米）和独栋住宅（400立方米）中的死亡风险。一氧化碳排放率的信息来自于对加利福尼亚州温暖怠速条件下机动车废气成分的调查，通风率的信息来自于美国住房存量已发表测量数据的汇总。在车库中暴露3小时的死亡风险为16%至21%，而在房屋中暴露1小时的死亡风险为0%。老旧车辆的死亡风险特别高。从车队中淘汰所有1975年以前的车辆，将根据暴露情况将死亡风险降低四分之一至三分之二。为了降低室外空气中的一氧化碳浓度，人们已经做出了重大努力来控制机动车的一氧化碳排放。如果车辆控制措施明确考虑到急性一氧化碳中毒，也可以获得显著的公共卫生效益。
