Haveman-Nies A, de Groot L P, van Staveren W A
Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Nov;98(11):1297-302. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00290-9.
To describe the snack consumption of older people from several European towns. Subjects with similar snack patterns are clustered into groups to explore the contribution of snacks to daily energy and micronutrient intake.
Data from the 1993 Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly: A Concerted Action (SENECA) follow-up study were collected from a random, age-stratified sample of inhabitants of small traditional towns in Europe. Food intake data collected by the 3-day estimated record method were used for grouping snack foods into 15 food groups. From these data daily energy intake and intake of calcium; iron; and vitamins B-1, B-2, B-6, and C were calculated. Additional self-reported data were collected for health status, presence of chronic diseases, and activity level.
SUBJECTS/SETTING: The study population consisted of 379 men and 428 women aged 74 to 79 years and who were inhabitants of the following towns: Haguenau, France; Romans, France; Padua, Italy; Culemborg, The Netherlands; Yverdon, Switzerland; and Marki, Poland.
Cluster analysis was used to classify subjects into groups based on similarity in snack patterns.
In general, older people from the various European towns consumed the same snack types. Five distinct snack patterns emerged from our analyses. The large group light snackers had a low snack use and low energy and micronutrient intakes. Alcohol drinkers and dairy snackers had a high snack use and high intakes of energy and several vitamins and minerals. Fruit and vegetable snackers and sweet drinkers often had intake values between the other 3 groups.
Our study indicates the existence of identifiable snack patterns that coincide with different intakes of energy and micronutrients. Especially in countries in which people derive high percentages of energy through snacking, the identification of snack patterns can improve dietary advice, gearing it to personal needs.
描述来自欧洲几个城镇的老年人的零食消费情况。将具有相似零食模式的受试者聚类成组，以探究零食对每日能量和微量营养素摄入的贡献。
1993年欧洲营养与老年人调查：一项协同行动（SENECA）随访研究的数据，是从欧洲传统小镇居民的随机年龄分层样本中收集的。采用3天估计记录法收集的食物摄入数据，用于将零食分为15个食物组。根据这些数据计算每日能量摄入量以及钙、铁、维生素B-1、B-2、B-6和维生素C的摄入量。还收集了关于健康状况、慢性病患病情况和活动水平的额外自我报告数据。
受试者/研究地点：研究人群包括379名男性和428名女性，年龄在74至79岁之间，他们分别居住在以下城镇：法国的哈格诺、法国的罗马、意大利的帕多瓦、荷兰的屈伦博赫、瑞士的伊韦尔东和波兰的马尔基。
采用聚类分析根据零食模式的相似性将受试者分类。
总体而言，来自欧洲不同城镇的老年人食用相同类型的零食。我们的分析得出了五种不同的零食模式。大量的轻度零食食用者零食摄入量低，能量和微量营养素摄入量也低。饮酒者和食用乳制品的零食食用者零食摄入量高，能量以及几种维生素和矿物质的摄入量也高。食用水果和蔬菜的零食食用者以及喝甜饮料的人摄入量通常介于其他三组之间。
我们的研究表明存在可识别的零食模式，这些模式与不同的能量和微量营养素摄入量相吻合。尤其是在人们通过吃零食获取高比例能量的国家，识别零食模式可以改善饮食建议，使其更符合个人需求。
