Lawton C L, Delargy H J, Smith F C, Hamilton V, Blundell J E
BioPsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK.
Br J Nutr. 1998 Aug;80(2):149-61. doi: 10.1017/s0007114598001056.
Thirty-six normal-weight, habitual snackers (eighteen males, eighteen females) completed a medium-term intervention study designed to examine the tendency of four different types of snacks, varying in nutrient (low- (LF) or high-fat (HF) and sensory properties (sweet (SW) or non-sweet (NSW)), to influence the control of appetite and to adjust daily energy intake. Subjects were exposed to each snack category for a 3-week period and were asked to consume a minimum number of snacks each day so that at least 25% of their daily energy intake would be derived from the test snacks. Energy and macronutrient intakes from the test snacks were calculated every day and also from other eating episodes (using 3 d food diary records) during the third week of snack exposure. Subjects consumed more energy/d from the SW snacks than from the NSW snacks, with most energy being consumed from the HF/SW snacks (3213 kJ) and least energy from the LF/NSW snacks (1628 kJ). This differential snack intake remained stable across the whole snack exposure period. Total daily energy intake did not differ significantly during exposure to any of the four snack types. Furthermore, the encouragement to eat freely from the test snacks did not lead to daily overconsumption of energy when compared with pre-study intakes. Hence, the level of snack consumption was largely compensated for by the energy consumed from the rest of the eating pattern. Although daily energy intake during exposure to the HF snacks was an average of 364 kJ higher (NS) than that during exposure to the LF snacks, the clearest and most significant effect of snack consumption was on daily macronutrient intake. Appreciable consumption of the HF snacks raised the percentage of total daily energy intake consumed as fat from 37 to 41% (P < 0.01). In contrast, the LF snacks reduced daily fat intake to 33.5% (LF/SW, P < 0.05; LF/NSW, NS) of total daily energy. The results, therefore, suggest that, in habitual snackers, generous consumption of LF snacks, when compared with HF snacks, is an effective strategy to reduce fat intake so that it approaches the recommendations of dietary guidelines without increasing total daily energy intake.
三十六名体重正常的习惯性吃零食者（18名男性，18名女性）完成了一项中期干预研究，该研究旨在考察四种不同类型零食（营养成分不同，分为低脂（LF）或高脂（HF），感官特性不同，分为甜味（SW）或非甜味（NSW））对食欲控制和每日能量摄入调节的影响。受试者在为期3周的时间里接触每类零食，并被要求每天至少吃一定数量的零食，以便其每日能量摄入的至少25%来自测试零食。每天计算测试零食的能量和宏量营养素摄入量，在接触零食的第三周，还根据（3天的食物日记记录）计算其他饮食时段的摄入量。与非甜味零食相比，受试者从甜味零食中摄入的能量更多/天，从高脂/甜味零食中摄入的能量最多（3213千焦），从低脂/非甜味零食中摄入的能量最少（1628千焦）。在整个零食接触期间，这种不同的零食摄入量保持稳定。在接触四种零食中的任何一种期间，每日总能量摄入量没有显著差异。此外，与研究前的摄入量相比，鼓励自由食用测试零食并没有导致每日能量摄入过量。因此，零食摄入量在很大程度上被其他饮食模式所消耗的能量所抵消。尽管在接触高脂零食期间的每日能量摄入量平均比接触低脂零食期间高364千焦（无显著差异），但零食消费最明显和最显著的影响是对每日宏量营养素摄入量。大量食用高脂零食使每日总能量摄入中作为脂肪摄入的百分比从37%提高到41%（P<0.01）。相比之下，低脂零食将每日脂肪摄入量降低至每日总能量的33.5%（低脂/甜味，P<0.05；低脂/非甜味，无显著差异）。因此，结果表明，在习惯性吃零食者中，与高脂零食相比，大量食用低脂零食是一种有效的策略，可以减少脂肪摄入，使其接近饮食指南的建议，而不增加每日总能量摄入。
