Leidy Heather J, Todd Chelsie B, Zino Adam Z, Immel Jordan E, Mukherjea Ratna, Shafer Rebecca S, Ortinau Laura C, Braun Michelle
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and.
J Nutr. 2015 Jul;145(7):1614-22. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.212092. Epub 2015 May 20.
Data concerning the effects of afternoon snacking on ingestive behavior, mood, and cognition are limited.
The purpose of this study was to compare 1088 kJ of high-protein (HP) or high-fat (HF) afternoon snacks vs. no snacking on appetite, food intake, mood, and cognition in adolescents.
Thirty-one healthy adolescents (age: 17 ± 1 y) consumed the following afternoon snacks (in randomized order) for 3 d: HP snack (26 g of protein/6 g of fat per 27 g of carbohydrates), HF snack (4 g of protein/12 g of fat per 32 g of carbohydrates), and no snack (NoS). On day 4 of each treatment, the participants completed an 8-h testing day containing pre- and postsnack appetite questionnaires, food cue-stimulated functional MRI brain scans, mood, cognitive function, and eating initiation. Ad libitum dinner and evening snacks were provided and assessed.
HP, but not HF, delayed eating initiation vs. NoS (P < 0.05). Both snacks reduced appetite vs. NoS (P < 0.001) with HP eliciting greater reductions than HF (P < 0.05). Only HF led to reductions in corticolimbic activation in brain regions controlling food motivation/reward vs. NoS (P < 0.01). Although no treatment differences in daily energy intake were detected, HP led to greater protein consumption than NoS (P < 0.05) and greater protein and lower fat consumption than HF (both, P < 0.05). HP led to fewer HF/high-sugar evening snacks than NoS (P < 0.01) and HF (P = 0.09). Although no treatment effects were detected for mood and cognition, HP tended to reduce confusion-bewilderment (P = 0.07) and increase cognitive flexibility (P = 0.09), whereas NoS reduced tension-anxiety (P < 0.05) and vigor-activity (P < 0.05).
Afternoon snacking, particularly on HP soy foods, improves appetite, satiety, and diet quality in adolescents, while beneficially influencing aspects of mood and cognition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01781286.
关于下午吃零食对摄食行为、情绪和认知影响的数据有限。
本研究旨在比较1088千焦的高蛋白（HP）或高脂肪（HF）下午零食与不吃零食对青少年食欲、食物摄入量、情绪和认知的影响。
31名健康青少年（年龄：17±1岁）按随机顺序连续3天食用以下下午零食：HP零食（每27克碳水化合物含26克蛋白质/6克脂肪）、HF零食（每32克碳水化合物含4克蛋白质/12克脂肪），以及不吃零食（NoS）。在每种处理的第4天，参与者完成一个8小时的测试日，包括零食前后的食欲问卷、食物线索刺激的功能性磁共振成像脑部扫描、情绪、认知功能和进食开始情况。提供并评估随意晚餐和晚间零食。
与NoS相比，HP零食而非HF零食延迟了进食开始时间（P<0.05）。两种零食与NoS相比都降低了食欲（P<0.001），且HP零食引起的食欲降低幅度大于HF零食（P<0.05）。与NoS相比，只有HF零食导致控制食物动机/奖励的脑区皮质边缘激活减少（P<0.01）。尽管未检测到每日能量摄入的处理差异，但HP零食导致的蛋白质摄入量高于NoS（P<0.05），且蛋白质摄入量高于HF零食，脂肪摄入量低于HF零食（两者均P<0.05）。与NoS（P<0.01）和HF（P=0.09）相比，HP零食导致的HF/高糖晚间零食摄入量更少。尽管未检测到对情绪和认知的处理效应，但HP零食倾向于减少困惑感（P=0.07）并提高认知灵活性（P=0.09），而NoS则减少紧张焦虑感（P<0.05）和活力活动（P<0.05）。
下午吃零食，尤其是吃HP大豆类食品，可改善青少年的食欲、饱腹感和饮食质量，同时对情绪和认知方面产生有益影响。本试验在clinicaltrials.gov上注册，注册号为NCT01781286。
