Dunn A L, Andersen R E, Jakicic J M
Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas, Texas 75230, USA.
Am J Prev Med. 1998 Nov;15(4):398-412. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00084-1.
Lifestyle physical activity interventions have resulted in response to the public health problem of promoting regular amounts of physical activity to the majority of U.S. adults who remain inadequately or completely inactive. These lifestyle interventions allow a person to individualize his/her physical activity programs to include a wide variety of activities that are at least of moderate intensity and to accumulate bouts of these activities in a manner befitting his/her life circumstances.
We reviewed the history of lifestyle physical activity interventions and defined lifestyle physical activity based on this review. We located 14 studies that met this definition.
Lifestyle physical activity interventions are effective at increasing and maintaining levels of physical activity that meet or exceed public health guidelines for physical activity in representative samples of previously sedentary adults and obese children. The majority of these interventions have been delivered by face-to-face contact in small groups, which limits their public health impact. However, a small number of studies demonstrate that these interventions can be delivered by mail and telephone, which may enhance their generalizability. Most of these studies utilized behavior change theories such as Social Cognitive Theory, the Transtheoretical Model, and Behavior Learning to shape the interventions. Lifestyle interventions aimed at modifying the environment, such as signs posted to increase stair climbing, also have been shown to be effective over the short term.
The major issues concerning lifestyle physical activity interventions are: (1) testing their ability to be implemented on a large scale; (2) examining cost-effectiveness for different modes of delivery; and (3) researching the efficacy in populations such as the elderly, minorities, economically disadvantaged, and individuals with concurrent disease. More studies aimed at manipulating the environment to increase physical activity need to be tested over periods of one year or longer. It is possible that lifestyle interventions could be integrated and delivered by new technologies such as interactive computer-mediated programs, telephone, or computer web-based formats. All of these recommended approaches should utilize valid and reliable measures of physical activity and should examine the health effects, particularly on a longitudinal basis. Basic dose-response studies in controlled settings also are needed to help us understand the health effects of accumulated moderate intensity activity.
生活方式体育活动干预措施是为应对公共卫生问题而产生的，该问题是要促使美国大多数缺乏足够运动量或完全不运动的成年人进行规律的体育活动。这些生活方式干预措施使人们能够根据自身情况制定个性化的体育活动计划，其中包括各种至少为中等强度的活动，并以适合其生活状况的方式累积这些活动的时长。
我们回顾了生活方式体育活动干预措施的历史，并基于此回顾对生活方式体育活动进行了定义。我们找到了14项符合该定义的研究。
生活方式体育活动干预措施在增加和维持体育活动水平方面是有效的，这些水平达到或超过了针对以前久坐不动的成年人和肥胖儿童的代表性样本的体育活动公共卫生指南。这些干预措施大多是通过小组面对面接触进行的，这限制了它们对公共卫生的影响。然而，少数研究表明，这些干预措施可以通过邮件和电话进行，这可能会提高其推广性。这些研究大多运用了行为改变理论，如社会认知理论、跨理论模型和行为学习理论来设计干预措施。旨在改变环境的生活方式干预措施，如张贴鼓励爬楼梯的标识，在短期内也已被证明是有效的。
关于生活方式体育活动干预措施的主要问题是：（1）测试其大规模实施的能力；（2）研究不同实施方式的成本效益；（3）研究在老年人、少数族裔、经济弱势群体以及患有并发疾病的个体等人群中的效果。需要进行更多旨在通过操纵环境来增加体育活动的研究，并进行为期一年或更长时间的测试。生活方式干预措施有可能通过交互式计算机介导程序、电话或基于计算机网络的格式等新技术进行整合和实施。所有这些推荐方法都应采用有效且可靠的体育活动测量方法，并应研究其对健康的影响，尤其是从纵向角度进行研究。还需要在受控环境中进行基础剂量反应研究，以帮助我们了解累积中等强度活动对健康的影响。
