Shum M S
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
Psychol Bull. 1998 Nov;124(3):423-42. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.423.
The prevalence of temporal landmarks has been revealed in a wide range of tasks associated with autobiographical memory, such as recall and dating of personal events. The author examined 3 types of events that have usually been considered landmarks: flashbulb memories, 1st experiences, and reference points in personal histories. The differences between landmark events and nonlandmark events are considered, and evidence is presented showing the effect of these landmarks on memory tasks. It is suggested that the effect of temporal landmarks on these tasks is twofold: (a) performance on the tasks is intricately linked with how our autobiographical memory system is structured, and temporal landmarks may play a critical role in this organization; and (b) landmarks may be actively and spontaneously used by individuals as cues when performing recall and dating tasks (the cuing hypothesis). Both of these factors serve to systematically bias performance, leading to robust phenomena such as calendar effects and reminiscence peaks in recall and improvements in accuracy in dating.
时间地标在与自传体记忆相关的广泛任务中已被揭示，比如个人事件的回忆和时间确定。作者研究了通常被视为地标的三种类型的事件：闪光灯记忆、首次经历以及个人历史中的参照点。文中考虑了地标事件与非地标事件之间的差异，并给出证据表明这些地标对记忆任务的影响。研究表明，时间地标对这些任务的影响是双重的：（a）任务表现与我们自传体记忆系统的构建方式紧密相连，时间地标可能在这一组织过程中发挥关键作用；（b）地标可能被个体在执行回忆和时间确定任务时积极且自发地用作线索（线索假设）。这两个因素都会系统性地影响表现，导致诸如回忆中的日历效应和怀旧高峰以及时间确定准确性提高等显著现象。
