Andreasen N G, Pfohl B
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Nov;33(11):1361-7. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770110089009.
Various aspects of speech and language were compared, using psycholinguistic techniques, in a group of 15 depressed patients and 16 manic patients: lexical diversity, syntactical complexity, syntactical elements, and content analysis. Contrary to anticipation, the manic patients did not show more varied word choice or complexity of sentence structure than the depressives. In particular, they did not differ significantly in type-token ratio. The greatest difference was in syntactical elements, with manics using more action verbs, adjectives, and concrete nouns, while the depressed patients used more state of being verbs, modifying adverbs, first-person pronouns, and personal pronouns. When compared by content analysis, the manics used more words reflecting a concern with power and achievement. These results imply that depressive speech tends to be more vague and qualified and to show considerable self-preoccupation, while manic speech tends to be colorful and concrete and to show more concern with things than with people.
运用心理语言学技术，对15名抑郁症患者和16名躁狂症患者的言语和语言的各个方面进行了比较：词汇多样性、句法复杂性、句法成分和内容分析。与预期相反，躁狂症患者在词汇选择或句子结构复杂性方面并不比抑郁症患者表现得更丰富多样。特别是，他们在类符-形符比上没有显著差异。最大的差异在于句法成分，躁狂症患者使用更多的行为动词、形容词和具体名词，而抑郁症患者使用更多的系动词、修饰副词、第一人称代词和人称代词。通过内容分析进行比较时，躁狂症患者使用更多反映对权力和成就关注的词汇。这些结果表明，抑郁性言语往往更模糊、更有保留，且表现出相当程度的自我关注，而躁狂性言语往往丰富多彩、具体实在，且对事物的关注多于对人的关注。
