Wilson O, Goldman R F, Molnar G W
J Appl Physiol. 1976 Oct;41(4):551-8. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1976.41.4.551.
In 45 subjects, 154 frostnips of the finger were induced by cooling in air at -15 degrees C with various wind speeds. The mean supercooled skin temperature at which frostnip appeared was -9.4 degrees C. The mean skin temperature rise due to heat of fusion at ice crystallization was 5.3 degrees C. The skin temperature rose to what was termed the apparent freezing point. The relation of this point to the supercooled skin temperature was analyzed for the three wind speeds used. An apparent freezing point for a condition of no supercooling was calculated, estimating the highest temperature at which skin freezes at a given wind speed. The validity of the obtained differences in apparent freezing point was tested by an analysis of covariance. Although not statistically significant, the data suggest that the apparent freezing point with no supercooling decreases with increasing wind velocity. The highest calculated apparent freezing point at -15 degrees C and 6.8 m/s was 1.2 degrees C lower than the true freezing point for skin previously determined in brine, which is a statistically significant difference.
在45名受试者中，通过在-15摄氏度的空气中以不同风速冷却诱发了154次手指冻伤。冻伤出现时的平均过冷皮肤温度为-9.4摄氏度。由于冰结晶时的熔化热导致的平均皮肤温度上升为5.3摄氏度。皮肤温度上升到所谓的表观冰点。针对所使用的三种风速，分析了该点与过冷皮肤温度的关系。计算了无过冷条件下的表观冰点，估计了在给定风速下皮肤冻结的最高温度。通过协方差分析检验了所获得的表观冰点差异的有效性。尽管在统计学上不显著，但数据表明无过冷时的表观冰点随风速增加而降低。在-15摄氏度和6.8米/秒时计算出的最高表观冰点比先前在盐水中测定的皮肤真实冰点低1.2摄氏度，这是一个统计学上的显著差异。
