Havenith G, van de Linde E J, Heus R
Thermal Physiology Research Group, TNO-Institute for Perception, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;65(1):43-51. doi: 10.1007/BF01466273.
Hand cooling and resulting comfort and pain were studied in 12 subjects, while touching six different materials (polyurethane foam, wood, nylon, rustproof steel, aluminium, and temperature-controlled metal) which were initially at ambient temperature. This was done for three ambient temperatures (-10 degrees, 0 degree and 10 degrees C), after pre-exposure exercise or rest, with bare hands or while wearing gloves. The observed cooling curves were analysed as Newtonian cooling curves. The observed time constants appeared to be significantly related to the materials' contact coefficients, the presence of hand protection, the preceding activity, and the interaction between contact coefficient and the presence of hand protection. These parameters also allowed a good description of the time constant (r2 = 0.8) of the related cooling curves. Thermal and pain sensation could be described in terms of the local skin temperature, ambient temperature and hand protection. Equal pain and thermal levels were associated with lower temperatures of the back of the hand than of the contact side. The slightly painful condition was associated with a skin temperature of 16 degrees C for the back and 19 degrees C for the palm of the hand. The pain level appeared to be inversely related to cooling speed. Skin freezing occurred at higher skin temperatures when touching cold objects than when exposed to cold air as a result of reduced supercooling. The regression equations determined allowed calculations to be made of safety limits for hand cooling while in contact with a wide range of materials.
在12名受试者中研究了手部冷却以及由此产生的舒适度和疼痛感，这些受试者触摸六种不同的材料（聚氨酯泡沫、木材、尼龙、不锈钢、铝和温度可控金属），这些材料最初处于环境温度。在三种环境温度（-10摄氏度、0摄氏度和10摄氏度）下，经过预暴露运动或休息后，分别在裸手或戴手套的情况下进行此项研究。观察到的冷却曲线被分析为牛顿冷却曲线。观察到的时间常数似乎与材料的接触系数、手部防护的存在、先前的活动以及接触系数与手部防护存在之间的相互作用显著相关。这些参数也能够很好地描述相关冷却曲线的时间常数（r2 = 0.8）。热感和疼痛感可以根据局部皮肤温度、环境温度和手部防护来描述。相同的疼痛和热感水平下，手背的温度低于接触面的温度。轻微疼痛状态下，手背皮肤温度为16摄氏度，手掌皮肤温度为19摄氏度。疼痛程度似乎与冷却速度成反比。由于过冷度降低，触摸冷物体时皮肤冻结发生的温度高于暴露在冷空气中时。所确定的回归方程能够计算出接触各种材料时手部冷却的安全极限。
