Arthur H, Watson K
J Bacteriol. 1976 Oct;128(1):56-68. doi: 10.1128/jb.128.1.56-68.1976.
The temperature limits of growth of a number of yeast species were examined, and on this basis the organisms were classified into different thermal categories. The following species were examined: Leucosporidium frigidum and Leucosporidium nivalis, psychrophilic, temperature limits of growth, -2 to 20 degrees C; Canadian lipolytica mesophilic, temperature limits of growth, 5 to 35 degrees Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces telluris, thermotolerant, temperature limits of growth, 8 to 42 degrees C; Torulopsis bovina and Candida slooffi, thermophilic, temperature limits of growth, 25 to 45 degrees C and 28 to 45 degrees C, respectively. The membrane lipid and cytochrome composition of mitochrondrial fractions isolated from these yeasts were compared. There was a direct correlation between the growth temperature and the degree of membrane of lipid unsaturation; the lower the temperature, the greater the degree of lipid unsaturation. The membrane lipid composition of the thermophilic yeasts were distinguished by the high percentage (30 to 40%) of saturated fatty acid, as compared with the mesophilic and psychrophilic yeasts. The latter contained approximately 90% unsaturated fatty acid, 55% of which was linolenic acid, C alpha-18:3. Changes in phospholipid composition in relation to temperature were also noted. The respiratory-deficient thermophile, C. slooffi, was characterized by the absence of cardiolipin (sensitivity 0.1 mug of phosphorus) and cytochrome aa3. The absence of conventional mitochondrial structures in this thermophilic microorganism is tentatively suggested although low concentrations of cytochromes b, c, and c1 were detected by low-temperature spectroscopy. On the other hand, the respiratory-competent thermophile, T. bovina, was characterized by a high cardiolipin (25% of the total phospholipid) and cytochrome aa3 content (1 nmol/mg of mitochrondrial protein). Low-temperature spectra showed the presence of one b-type cytochrome in the thermophilic yeasts, two b-type cytochromes in the mesophilic yeasts, and three b-type cytochromes in the psychrophilic yeasts. It was concluded that a knowledge of the properties of the biological membrane is fundamental to an understanding of the ability of a microorganism to grow and reproduce in different temperature environments.
研究了多种酵母菌种的生长温度极限，并据此将这些微生物分为不同的热类别。所研究的菌种如下：嗜冷的冷白冬孢酵母和雪白白冬孢酵母，生长温度极限为-2至20摄氏度；嗜温的解脂假丝酵母，生长温度极限为5至35摄氏度；耐热的近平滑念珠菌和地生酿酒酵母，生长温度极限为8至42摄氏度；嗜热的牛球拟酵母和斯洛菲念珠菌，生长温度极限分别为25至45摄氏度和28至45摄氏度。比较了从这些酵母中分离出的线粒体组分的膜脂和细胞色素组成。生长温度与膜脂不饱和度之间存在直接相关性；温度越低，脂不饱和度越高。与嗜温和嗜冷酵母相比，嗜热酵母的膜脂组成以高比例（3%至40%）的饱和脂肪酸为特征。后者含有约90%的不饱和脂肪酸，其中55%为亚麻酸，Cα-18:3。还注意到磷脂组成随温度的变化。呼吸缺陷型嗜热菌斯洛菲念珠菌的特征是缺乏心磷脂（灵敏度为0.1微克磷）和细胞色素aa3。虽然通过低温光谱法检测到低浓度的细胞色素b、c和c1，但初步推测这种嗜热微生物中不存在传统的线粒体结构。另一方面，呼吸正常的嗜热菌牛球拟酵母的特征是心磷脂含量高（占总磷脂的25%）和细胞色素aa3含量高（1纳摩尔/毫克线粒体蛋白）。低温光谱显示嗜热酵母中有一种b型细胞色素，嗜温酵母中有两种b型细胞色素，嗜冷酵母中有三种b型细胞色素。得出的结论是，了解生物膜的特性是理解微生物在不同温度环境中生长和繁殖能力的基础。
