Production of medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) from gluconate by recombinant Escherichia coli.

It was shown recently that recombinant Escherichia coli, defective in the beta-oxidation cycle and harboring a medium-chain-length (MCL) poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymerase-encoding gene of Pseudomonas, is able to produce MCL PHA from fatty acids but not from sugars or gluconate (S. Langenbach, B. H. A. Rehm, and A. Steinbüchel, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 150:303-309, 1997; Q. Ren, Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 1997). In this study, we report the formation of MCL PHA from gluconate by recombinant E. coli. By introduction of genes coding for an MCL PHA polymerase and the cytosolic thioesterase I ('thioesterase I) into E. coli JMU193, we were able to engineer a pathway for the synthesis of MCL PHA from gluconate. We used two expression systems, i.e., the bad promoter and alk promoter, for the 'thioesterase I- and PHA polymerase-encoding genes, respectively, which enabled us to modulate their expression independently over a range of inducer concentrations, which resulted in a maximum MCL PHA accumulation of 2.3% of cell dry weight from gluconate. We found that the amount of PHA and the 'thioesterase I activity are directly correlated. Moreover, the polymer accumulated in the recombinant E. coli consisted mainly of 3-hydroxyoctanoate monomers. On the basis of our data, we propose an MCL PHA biosynthesis pathway scheme for recombinant E. coli JMU193, harboring PHA polymerase and 'thioesterase I, when grown on gluconate, which involves both de novo fatty acid synthesis and beta-oxidation.