Hines D, Fretz A C, Nollen N L
Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306-0520, USA.
Psychol Rep. 1998 Dec;83(3 Pt 2):1299-306. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1299.
Recent reports show an increase in smoking among college students and suggest that occasional smoking is now initiated by previously nonsmoking students. This study evaluated whether this apparent increase in smoking by students is associated with positive self-images associated with smoking. Regular and occasional smokers rated how smoking "changes the way you feel about yourself" on 18 self-attributes that may be associated with smoking, e.g., from cigarette advertisements. Nonsmokers also rated smokers on the same 18 attributes. All three groups rated three attributes in the negative direction with at least a moderate effect size: that being a smoker was less healthy, that smokers were less desirable as a date and that smokers were less attractive while smoking. On only one other attribute regular smokers differed from neutral with at least a moderate effect size: that smoking made them feel less feminine. As hypothesized, the occasional smokers also rated some attributions positively with at least a moderate effect size: that smoking made them feel more daring and more adventurous and did not make them feel like an outcast. The nonsmokers rated a number of additional attributes about smokers negatively with at least a moderate effect size: that smokers are less sexy, less feminine, less sophisticated, less masculine, and less mature. Thus, the results suggest that smoking shows at best mixed associations with self-attributions of college students who smoke and is viewed negatively by those who do not smoke. Other results suggest that the recent increase in occasional smoking may be related to smoking with friends who smoke and smoking while drinking alcohol.
最近的报告显示，大学生吸烟人数有所增加，这表明现在一些以前不吸烟的学生也开始偶尔吸烟了。本研究评估了学生吸烟现象明显增加是否与吸烟所带来的积极自我形象有关。经常吸烟和偶尔吸烟的学生对吸烟如何“改变你对自己的看法”进行评分，评分依据是18项可能与吸烟有关的自我特质，比如来自香烟广告中的特质。不吸烟的学生也对吸烟者的这18项特质进行评分。所有三组人员都对三项特质给出了负面评价，且效应值至少为中等程度：吸烟者不太健康、作为约会对象不太受欢迎、吸烟时不太有吸引力。只有一项其他特质，经常吸烟者与中立态度存在至少中等程度的效应值差异：吸烟让他们感觉自己不够有女人味。正如所假设的那样，偶尔吸烟的学生也对一些特质给出了至少中等程度效应值的正面评价：吸烟让他们感觉更大胆、更爱冒险，且不会让他们觉得自己是异类。不吸烟的学生对吸烟者的一些其他特质给出了至少中等程度效应值的负面评价：吸烟者不够性感、不够有女人味、不够世故、不够有男子气概、不够成熟。因此，结果表明，吸烟对于吸烟的大学生自我特质的影响充其量好坏参半，而不吸烟的人对吸烟持负面看法。其他结果表明，最近偶尔吸烟人数的增加可能与和吸烟的朋友一起吸烟以及饮酒时吸烟有关。
