Effects of lifestyle, personality, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and genetic predisposition on subjective sleep disturbance and sleep pattern.

The effects on sleep pattern ('short-sleep' versus 'long-sleep') and subjective sleep disturbance of genotype, personality, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and lifestyle, were examined using survey data on a clinically unselected sample of adult Australian twin pairs, aged 17-88 years. When the effects of genotype, personality and symptoms were ignored, lifestyle variables appeared to account for roughly 4% of the variance in sleep disturbance, and 9% of the variance in sleep pattern. Significant genetic effects on sleep disturbance and sleep pattern were found, which were only partly explained by the effects of personality and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Much of the association between sleep disturbance and lifestyle appeared to be explained by separate effects of personality and symptoms of anxiety and depression on sleep and lifestyle ('genotype-risk-factor correlation'). There was little evidence for genetically determined differences in sensitivity to the lifestyle variables ('genotype x risk-factor interaction').