Walker B L, Beck K, Walker A L, Shemanski S
Fire Technol. 1992 May;28(2):134-62. doi: 10.1007/BF01857941.
The high risk of fire death and injury among elderly people is well documented. To be effective, fire safety education must reach older adults in the settings in which they reside: nursing homes and other long-term care institutions, board and care homes, and independent living facilities including the person's own home. Training must also be targeted at the people who are responsible for fire safety. In the case of the nursing home or board and care home, the responsible people are the staff and owners. In the case of the majority of older adults who live independently in their homes, it is either the individual or family members. These programs must also be comprehensive. A fire safety education curriculum was developed by a group of experts in a variety of related fields including fire safety, gerontology, health care industry, developmental disabilities, research, and instructional design. Older adults were included in each planning session. Based on that curriculum, workshops and workshop materials were developed for each of the three target populations: staff of health care facilities, staff and owners of board and care homes, and elderly people living independently in their homes. Materials included both print and audiovisuals. A pilot test of each workshop was conducted to test the short-term effects of the programs. Results indicated significant gains in knowledge for all groups and a significant improvement in positive attitudes toward fire safety for most participants. Measures of effects of the programs on intentions to change fire safety practices indicated a potential for change. Results also showed that the measured traits, knowledge of fire safety and attitudes toward fire safety, were relatively stable.
老年人火灾伤亡风险高，这一点有充分的文献记载。要想取得成效，消防安全教育必须覆盖老年人居住的场所：养老院和其他长期护理机构、寄宿护理院以及包括个人自有住房在内的独立生活设施。培训还必须针对负责消防安全的人员。就养老院或寄宿护理院而言，责任人是工作人员和业主。就大多数独立居住在家中的老年人而言，责任人是个人或家庭成员。这些项目还必须全面。一组来自消防安全、老年医学、医疗保健行业、发育障碍、研究和教学设计等多个相关领域的专家制定了消防安全教育课程。每次规划会议都有老年人参与。基于该课程，为三类目标人群分别开发了工作坊及工作坊材料：医疗保健机构工作人员、寄宿护理院工作人员和业主，以及独立居住在家中的老年人。材料包括印刷品和视听资料。对每个工作坊都进行了试点测试，以检验项目的短期效果。结果表明，所有组别的知识都有显著增加，大多数参与者对消防安全的积极态度也有显著改善。项目对改变消防安全行为意图的影响衡量结果表明存在改变的可能性。结果还显示，所测量的特质，即消防安全知识和对消防安全的态度，相对稳定。
