Sheppard E, Leitner H, McMaster R B, Tian H
Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999 Jan-Feb;9(1):18-28. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500023.
In order to determine whether principles of environmental justice have been violated, a large number of empirical studies have been carried out to ascertain whether minority and low-income populations are disproportionately exposed to industrial pollution. This study provides a comparative evaluation of two commonly employed proximity measures in GIS-based environmental equity assessment, examining their influence on the results of the analysis, and proposes a methodology for evaluating the significance of these results. 1990 census data on population characteristics and data from the 1995 EPA's toxic release inventory (TRI) for the City of Minneapolis, MN are used. These results also allow a preliminary assessment of environmental equity/inequity in potential exposure to airborne toxic chemicals for racial minorities, poor people and children in Minneapolis. In the third part of the paper we develop and employ a geographic randomization methodology for assessing the significance of these results.
为了确定环境正义原则是否被违反，已经开展了大量实证研究，以查明少数族裔和低收入人群是否过多地暴露于工业污染之中。本研究对基于地理信息系统（GIS）的环境公平性评估中常用的两种距离测度进行了比较评估，考察了它们对分析结果的影响，并提出了一种评估这些结果显著性的方法。研究使用了1990年明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市的人口特征普查数据以及美国环境保护局（EPA）1995年有毒物质排放清单（TRI）的数据。这些结果还使得对明尼阿波利斯市少数族裔、贫困人口和儿童在潜在暴露于空气中有毒化学物质方面的环境公平/不公平状况进行初步评估成为可能。在本文的第三部分，我们开发并采用了一种地理随机化方法来评估这些结果的显著性。
