Fairchild W L, Swansburg E O, Arsenault J T, Brown S B
Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
Environ Health Perspect. 1999 May;107(5):349-57. doi: 10.1289/ehp.99107349.
Historical aerial applications of the insecticide Matacil 1.8D provide an opportunity to look for potential effects of the endocrine disrupting compound 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations. Matacil 1.8D contained the carbamate insecticide aminocarb, with 4-NP as primary solvent. Between 1975 and 1985 Matacil 1.8D was applied to forests in Atlantic Canada to control damage from the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana). After spraying, estimated concentrations of 4-NP in water fell within a range in which estrogenic effects might be anticipated. The spraying coincided with final stages of smolt development in salmon. Salmon catch data were evaluated considering effects on survival of the smolt stage. There was a significant negative relationship between the returns of salmon and the proportion of tributaries sprayed within the Restigouche River drainage basin in 1977. There was also a broader event of unusually heavy salmon smolt mortality in 1977, which contains a significant relationship indicating that where Matacil 1.8D spraying occurred, the smolt mortality increased. For 16 rivers exposed to spraying between 1973 and 1990, a significant proportion (p<0.005) of the lowest salmon catches coincided with Matacil 1.8D spraying. A decline coinciding with the use of Matacil 1.8D was also apparent in blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) catches in New Brunswick. Because similar relationships were not evident for Matacil 1.8F or fenitrothion, neither of which were formulated with 4-NP, we hypothesize that the 4-NP in Matacil 1.8D was the causal agent. Concentrations of 4-NP described here are within current ranges encountered in industrial effluents and municipal sewage outfalls.
杀虫剂Matacil 1.8D过去的空中喷洒应用为研究内分泌干扰化合物4-壬基酚（4-NP）对大西洋鲑（Salmo salar）种群的潜在影响提供了契机。Matacil 1.8D含有氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂灭害威，以4-NP作为主要溶剂。1975年至1985年间，Matacil 1.8D被喷洒于加拿大大西洋地区的森林中，以控制云杉芽虫（Choristoneura fumiferana）造成的损害。喷洒后，水中4-NP的估计浓度落在可能预期产生雌激素效应的范围内。此次喷洒恰逢鲑鱼降海洄游发育的最后阶段。考虑到对降海洄游阶段存活率的影响，对鲑鱼捕获数据进行了评估。1977年，鲑鱼回游数量与雷斯蒂古什河流域内喷洒支流的比例之间存在显著的负相关关系。1977年还发生了一次范围更广的异常严重的鲑鱼降海洄游幼鱼死亡事件，其中存在显著关系表明，在喷洒Matacil 1.8D的地方，降海洄游幼鱼死亡率增加。对于1973年至1990年间暴露于喷洒的16条河流，最低鲑鱼捕获量中有很大比例（p<0.005）与Matacil 1.8D喷洒同时出现。新不伦瑞克蓝背鲱（Alosa aestivalis）的捕获量也出现了与Matacil 1.8D使用相关的下降。由于Matacil 1.8F或杀螟硫磷（均未与4-NP配制）未出现类似关系，我们推测Matacil 1.8D中的4-NP是致病因素。此处描述的4-NP浓度在当前工业废水和城市污水排放口遇到的范围内。
