AKAPs: from structure to function.

Compartmentalization of signalling molecules through association with anchoring proteins ensures specificity in signal transduction by placing enzymes close to their appropriate effectors and substrates. For example, 'A-kinase anchoring proteins' (AKAPs) bind to the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to direct the kinase to discrete intracellular locations. Recently, functional studies aimed at disrupting AKAP-PKA complexes have demonstrated a role for anchored PKA in various cellular processes, including gene transcription, hormone-mediated insulin secretion and ion-channel modulation. By binding to additional signalling molecules, AKAPs might function to coordinate multiple components of signal-transduction pathways.