Wagner D R, Heyward V H
Exercise and Sports Science Department, Vanguard University of Southern California, USA.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999 Jun;70(2):135-49. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1999.10608031.
Body composition is one of the major health-related components of fitness. Thus, it is important for health and fitness professionals to have a general understanding of the most commonly used techniques for assessing body composition. This review presents the developmental background and underlying principles and theory of four laboratory (hydrodensitometry, air displacement plethysmography, isotope dilution, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and four field (bioelectrical impedance analysis, near-infrared interactance, skinfolds, and anthropometry) methods of body composition assessment. In addition to a description of the methods, the validity, and reliability, strengths, and limitations of each measurement tool are examined. Highlights of the laboratory methods include the relatively new Bod Pod air displacement device, which is a promising assessment tool more convenient than hydrodensitometry but still lacking substantial validity testing and the ability of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure regional composition making it an attractive method for clinicians. Advancements in segmental and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance for compartmental analysis have enhanced the value of this field method, but research continues to show that commercially available near-infrared interactance units are invalid. With this knowledge, the clinician and researcher should be able to make an informed decision regarding the most appropriate measurement device for their body composition assessments.
身体成分是与健康相关的主要健身组成部分之一。因此，健康和健身专业人员对评估身体成分的最常用技术有一个大致的了解很重要。本综述介绍了四种实验室方法（水下密度测定法、空气置换体积描记法、同位素稀释法和双能X线吸收法）和四种现场方法（生物电阻抗分析、近红外光干涉法、皮褶厚度法和人体测量学）的发展背景、基本原理和理论。除了对这些方法进行描述外，还对每种测量工具的有效性、可靠性、优点和局限性进行了研究。实验室方法的亮点包括相对较新的Bod Pod空气置换装置，它是一种很有前景的评估工具，比水下密度测定法更方便，但仍缺乏大量的有效性测试；双能X线吸收法能够测量局部成分，这使其成为临床医生青睐的方法。用于分区分析的分段和多频生物电阻抗技术的进步提高了这种现场方法的价值，但研究继续表明，市面上的近红外光干涉仪无效。有了这些知识，临床医生和研究人员应该能够就最适合其身体成分评估的测量设备做出明智的决定。
