Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado, , Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
Br J Sports Med. 2013 Nov;47(16):1044-53. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092561. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
Successful performers in weight-sensitive sports are characterised by low body mass (BM) and fat content. This often requires chronic energy restriction and acute weight loss practices.
To evaluate current use of body composition (BC) assessment methods and identify problems and solutions with current BC approaches.
A 40-item survey was developed, including demographic and content questions related to BC assessment. The survey was electronically distributed among international sporting organisations. Frequencies and χ(2) analyses were computed.
216 responses were received, from 33 countries, representing various institutions, sports and competitive levels. Of the sample, 86% of respondents currently assess BC, most frequently using skinfolds (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK): 50%; non-ISAK, conventional: 40%; both: 28%), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (38%), bioelectrical impedance (29%), air displacement plethysmography (17%) and hydrostatic weighing (10%). Of those using skinfolds, more at the international level used ISAK, whereas conventional approaches were more reported at regional/national level (p=0.006). The sport dietitian/nutritionist (57%) and physiologist/sports scientist (54%) were most frequently the professionals assessing BC, followed by MDs and athletic trainers, with some reporting coaches (5%). 36% of 116 respondents assessed hydration status and more (64%) did so at international than regional/national level (36%, p=0.028). Of 125 participants answering the question of whether they thought that BC assessment raised problems, 69% said 'yes', with most providing ideas for solutions.
Results show high use of BC assessment but also a lack of standardisation and widespread perception of problems related to BM and BC in sport. Future work should emphasise standardisation with appropriate training opportunities and more research on BC and performance.
体重敏感型运动项目中的成功运动员的特征是体质量（BM）和体脂含量低。这通常需要长期的能量限制和急性减重措施。
评估目前使用的身体成分（BC）评估方法，并确定当前 BC 方法中存在的问题及解决方案。
设计了一个 40 项的调查问卷，内容包括与 BC 评估相关的人口统计学和内容问题。该问卷通过电子方式分发给国际体育组织。计算了频率和 χ(2)分析。
共收到来自 33 个国家的 216 份回复，代表了各种机构、运动项目和竞技水平。在样本中，86%的受访者目前评估 BC，最常使用皮褶厚度（国际人体测量学协会（ISAK）：50%；非 ISAK 常规：40%；两者均用：28%）、双能 X 射线吸收法（38%）、生物电阻抗法（29%）、空气置换体积描记法（17%）和静水称重法（10%）。在使用皮褶厚度的人群中，国际水平使用 ISAK 的比例更高，而常规方法在地区/国家水平上的报告更为常见（p=0.006）。评估 BC 的专业人员最常是运动营养师/营养学家（57%）和生理学家/运动科学家（54%），其次是医学博士和运动训练师，有些报告还包括教练（5%）。在 116 名评估身体水分状态的受访者中，有 36%报告在国际水平上进行评估，而在地区/国家水平上只有 36%（p=0.028）。在 125 名回答 BC 评估是否存在问题的参与者中，有 69%的人表示“是”，大多数人提出了解决方案的想法。
结果表明，BC 评估的使用率很高，但也缺乏标准化，且普遍认为运动中的 BM 和 BC 存在问题。未来的工作应强调标准化，提供适当的培训机会，并对 BC 和表现进行更多的研究。
