Ley R
University at Albany, State University of New York, USA.
Behav Modif. 1999 Jul;23(3):441-79. doi: 10.1177/0145445599233006.
The purpose of this article is to bring attention to breathing as a behavior that can be modified by means of Pavlovian and operant principles of control. With this aim in mind, this paper (a) reviews a selection of early and recent conditioning studies (Pavlovian and operant paradigms) in respiratory psychophysiology, (b) discusses the bidirectional relationship between breathing and emotion/cognition, and (c) discusses theoretical and applied implications that point to new directions for research in the laboratory and clinic. Emphasis is placed on dyspnea/suffocation fear and the acquisition of anticipatory dyspnea/suffocation fear in panic, anxiety, and stress disorders and their concomitant cognitive deficits. Discussions throughout the article focus on research relevant to theory and application, especially applications in programs of remedial breathing (breathing retraining) designed for the treatment of psychophysiological disorders (e.g., panic, anxiety, and stress) and the accompanying cognitive deficits that result from cerebral hypoxia induced by conditioned hyperventilation.
本文的目的是引起人们对呼吸这一行为的关注，它可通过巴甫洛夫式和操作性控制原理加以改变。出于这一目的，本文（a）回顾了呼吸心理生理学中一些早期和近期的条件作用研究（巴甫洛夫式和操作性范式），（b）讨论了呼吸与情绪/认知之间的双向关系，以及（c）讨论了理论和应用方面的意义，这些意义为实验室和临床研究指明了新方向。重点在于呼吸困难/窒息恐惧以及在惊恐、焦虑和应激障碍中预期性呼吸困难/窒息恐惧的形成及其伴随的认知缺陷。本文通篇讨论的是与理论和应用相关的研究，尤其是在为治疗心理生理障碍（如惊恐、焦虑和应激）以及由条件性过度通气引起的脑缺氧所导致的伴随认知缺陷而设计的呼吸矫正（呼吸再训练）项目中的应用。
