Mitchell S H
Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Conant Hall, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Oct;146(4):455-64. doi: 10.1007/pl00005491.
Drug users are thought to be more "impulsive" than non-users.
This study examined whether regular smokers are more impulsive than never smokers using personality and behavioral measures of impulsivity.
Twenty regular smokers (>/=15 cigarettes/day) and 20 never smokers were recruited. Participants completed five personality questionnaires to assess impulsivity: Adjective Checklist, Barratt's Impulsivity Scale, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire, and the Sensation-Seeking Scale. Participants also performed three behavioral choice tasks designed to assess impulsivity. In the delay task, participants chose between small, immediate and large, delayed monetary rewards. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the small, immediate alternative. In the probability task, participants chose between small, certain and large, uncertain monetary rewards. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the large but more risky alternative. In the work task, participants chose between small monetary rewards obtained by performing a negligible amount of work and a larger amount of money requiring more work. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the smaller, easier alternative.
On the personality questionnaires, smokers had statistically higher impulsivity scores on most scales. On the behavioral choice tasks, smokers chose small, immediate money over large, delayed money more frequently, signifying greater levels of impulsivity. There were no differences between the groups' choices on the other tasks. Correlations between questionnaire and task data were small, as were correlations between data from each task.
Together, these results indicate that the smokers were more impulsive than never smokers.
吸毒者被认为比非吸毒者更“冲动”。
本研究使用冲动性的人格和行为测量方法，检验经常吸烟者是否比从不吸烟者更冲动。
招募了20名经常吸烟者（每天吸≥15支香烟）和20名从不吸烟者。参与者完成了五份人格问卷以评估冲动性：形容词检查表、巴拉特冲动性量表、三维人格问卷、艾森克人格问卷和感觉寻求量表。参与者还进行了三项旨在评估冲动性的行为选择任务。在延迟任务中，参与者在小额即时货币奖励和大额延迟货币奖励之间进行选择。冲动性被定义为对小额即时奖励的相对偏好。在概率任务中，参与者在小额确定性货币奖励和大额不确定性货币奖励之间进行选择。冲动性被定义为对大额但风险更高的奖励的相对偏好。在工作任务中，参与者在通过完成少量工作获得的小额货币奖励和需要更多工作的大额货币奖励之间进行选择。冲动性被定义为对较小、较容易的奖励的相对偏好。
在人格问卷上，吸烟者在大多数量表上的冲动性得分在统计学上更高。在行为选择任务中，吸烟者更频繁地选择小额即时货币奖励而非大额延迟货币奖励，这表明其冲动性水平更高。两组在其他任务上的选择没有差异。问卷数据与任务数据之间的相关性较小，各任务数据之间的相关性也较小。
这些结果共同表明，吸烟者比从不吸烟者更冲动。
