Interpersonal violence attributed to smoking, globally and in Iran: Global burden of disease study.

Despite the effects of smoking on health have been extensively studied, the studies on smoking and its effects on interpersonal violence are very few. This research aims to investigate the burden of interpersonal violence attributed to smoking in Iran and compare it with the global. In global burden of disease 2021, the relationship between 88 risk factors with selected health outcomes has been estimated. Summary exposure value (SEV) is the RR-weighted prevalence of exposure, a univariate measure of risk weighted exposure. We report SEVs on a scale from 0% to 100% on which a decline in SEV indicates reduced exposure to a given risk factor and an increase in SEV indicates increased exposure. All age and age-standardized estimates of interpersonal violence attributed to smoking were calculated for disability-adjusted life years, years lived with disability, and years of life lost, and death for the years 1990 to 2021. The global number of disability-adjusted life years cases of interpersonal violence attributed to smoking was 16,260.52 per 1,00,000 in 2021 (95% uncertainty interval 12,268.37-20,718.62). The number of disability-adjusted life years cases of interpersonal violence attributed to smoking in Iran was 142.97 per 1,00,000 (95% uncertainty interval 102.78-185.83). Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate per 1,00,000 globally was 0.19 (95% uncertainty interval 0.14-0.24), and in Iran was 0.15 (95% uncertainty interval 0.11-0.19) in 2021. The summary of this research shows that the burden of interpersonal violence attributed to smoking is significant both at the global and national levels, although the prevalence of smoking has decreased in recent decades, it is necessary to implement health policies to reduce the damage caused by smoking.