Cyranowski J M, Frank E, Young E, Shear M K
Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA, USA.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;57(1):21-7. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21.
Prepubescent boys are, if anything, more likely than girls to be depressed. During adolescence, however, a dramatic shift occurs: between the ages of 11 and 13 years, this trend in depression rates is reversed. By 15 years of age, females are approximately twice as likely as males to have experienced an episode of depression, and this gender gap persists for the next 35 to 40 years. We offer a theoretical framework that addresses the timing of this phenomenon. First, we discuss the social and hormonal mechanisms that stimulate affiliative needs for females at puberty. Next, we describe how heightened affiliative need can interact with adolescent transition difficulties to create a depressogenic diathesis as at-risk females reach puberty. This gender-linked vulnerability explains why adolescent females are more likely than males to become depressed when faced with negative life events and, particularly, life events with interpersonal consequences.
青春期前的男孩如果有什么不同的话，比女孩更容易抑郁。然而，在青春期会发生巨大的转变：在11至13岁之间，抑郁症发病率的这种趋势发生了逆转。到15岁时，女性经历抑郁发作的可能性大约是男性的两倍，并且这种性别差异在接下来的35至40年中持续存在。我们提供了一个理论框架来解释这一现象出现的时间。首先，我们讨论在青春期刺激女性产生依恋需求的社会和激素机制。接下来，我们描述当处于危险中的女性进入青春期时，增强的依恋需求如何与青春期过渡困难相互作用，从而产生一种致抑郁素质。这种与性别相关的易感性解释了为什么青春期女性在面对负面生活事件，尤其是具有人际影响的生活事件时，比男性更容易抑郁。
