Bouma Esther M C, Ormel Johan, Verhulst Frank C, Oldehinkel Albertine J
Department of Psychiatry and School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Affect Disord. 2008 Jan;105(1-3):185-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.007. Epub 2007 Jun 14.
Stressful life events increase the probability of depressive problems in early adolescence. Several genetic and environmental risk factors may change individual sensitivity to the depressogenic effect of these events. We examined modification by parental depression and gender, and mediation of the former by temperament and family environment.
Data were collected as part of a longitudinal cohort study of (pre)adolescents (n = 2127). During the first assessment wave at approximately age 11, we assessed parental depression, family functioning, perceived parenting behaviours, and temperamental frustration and fearfulness. At the second wave, about two and a half years later, stressful life events between the first and second assessment were assessed. Depressive problems were measured at both waves.
Adolescents with parents who had a (lifetime) depressive episode were more sensitive to the depressogenic effect of stressful events than adolescents without depressed parents. Furthermore, girls are more sensitive to these effects than boys. The modifying effect of parental depression was not mediated by temperament, family functioning and perceived parenting.
Life events were assessed without consideration of contextual information. Depressive problems were measured by questionnaires that did not directly represent DSM-IV criteria. The measure of parental depression was unspecific regarding severity and timing of depressive episodes.
The results suggest that gender and parental depression are associated with increased sensitivity to depression after experiencing stressful life events during adolescence.
生活应激事件会增加青春期早期出现抑郁问题的可能性。一些遗传和环境风险因素可能会改变个体对这些事件致抑郁效应的敏感性。我们研究了父母抑郁和性别的调节作用，以及气质和家庭环境对前者的中介作用。
数据收集于一项针对（青春期前）青少年的纵向队列研究（n = 2127）。在大约11岁时的首次评估中，我们评估了父母的抑郁情况、家庭功能、感知到的养育行为以及气质性挫折感和恐惧情绪。在大约两年半后的第二次评估中，评估了第一次和第二次评估之间的生活应激事件。两次评估均测量了抑郁问题。
父母有（终生）抑郁发作的青少年比父母无抑郁的青少年对生活应激事件的致抑郁效应更敏感。此外，女孩比男孩对这些效应更敏感。父母抑郁的调节作用并非由气质、家庭功能和感知到的养育方式介导。
生活事件的评估未考虑背景信息。抑郁问题通过问卷进行测量，这些问卷并未直接代表《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版（DSM-IV）的标准。父母抑郁的测量在抑郁发作的严重程度和时间方面不具有特异性。
结果表明，性别和父母抑郁与青少年经历生活应激事件后对抑郁的敏感性增加有关。
