Breivik K, Pacyna J M, Münch J
Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway.
Sci Total Environ. 1999 Oct 1;239(1-3):151-63. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00291-0.
Data on current and historical usage of alpha, beta, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in Europe are presented. The data were collected and estimated as a part of a project studying the regional cycling of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Baltic environment (Popcycling-Baltic). Better data on sources, environmental discharges and atmospheric emissions of HCH and other POPs are needed to study, and hopefully reduce, the impact of these pollutants on the environment. Substantial uncertainties are assigned to the estimated data for individual countries and years, but it seems likely that the general trend of usage in Europe is captured. The quality of the estimates is thought to improve in general throughout the period, thus, reflecting the availability of reliable data. The results suggest that 382,000 t of technical HCH and 81,000 t of lindane were used in Europe from 1970 to 1996. This is equivalent to an estimated cumulative usage of 259,000 t alpha-HCH, 235,000 t gamma-HCH and 20,000 t beta-HCH. The usage of technical HCH was the major source of gamma-HCH until the late 1970s, and thereafter lindane became the dominating source of this isomer. The use of gamma-HCH in 1996 was estimated to still be nearly one-third of the European usage in 1970. The pattern of decreasing concentrations in biota follows the pattern of reductions in usage for the studied period within the Baltic area.
本文呈现了欧洲α-、β-和γ-六氯环己烷（HCH）当前及历史使用数据。这些数据是作为一项研究波罗的海环境中持久性有机污染物（POPs）区域循环的项目（波罗的海POPs循环项目）的一部分收集和估算的。为了研究并有望减少这些污染物对环境的影响，需要关于HCH及其他POPs的来源、环境排放和大气排放的更完善数据。各个国家和年份的估算数据存在很大不确定性，但欧洲使用情况的总体趋势似乎已被掌握。据认为，在整个时期内估算质量总体上有所提高，从而反映出可靠数据的可得性。结果表明，1970年至1996年欧洲使用了38.2万吨工业级HCH和8.1万吨林丹。这相当于估计累计使用了25.9万吨α-HCH、23.5万吨γ-HCH和2万吨β-HCH。直到20世纪70年代末，工业级HCH的使用一直是γ-HCH的主要来源，此后林丹成为该异构体的主要来源。据估计，1996年γ-HCH的使用量仍接近1970年欧洲使用量的三分之一。在所研究的时期内，波罗的海地区生物群中浓度下降的模式与使用量减少的模式一致。
