Barrett A M, Crucian G P, Schwartz R L, Heilman K M
Division of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA.
Neurology. 2000 Mar 28;54(6):1258-64. doi: 10.1212/wnl.54.6.1258.
To learn how pAD (probable Alzheimer's disease), PD+ ("Parkinson's Plus" syndrome), and control subjects remember internally generated material under different conditions.
"Self-discovered," or internally generated knowledge, prized by educators and therapists, can bring about considerable behavioral change. Both parietal-temporal-limbic (pAD) and frontal-subcortical dementia (e.g. PD+) cause dysmemory, but may cause different internal-external memory bias. pAD subjects, confusing internal and external information (confabulation) and reporting internal information during memory testing (intrusions), may be biased to remember internal material. PD+ subjects, impaired at generative tests, may be externally biased.
Ten pAD, 5 PD+, and 10 control subjects generated words in a category without instruction to remember (INR), and took a list-learning test of incidental memory for internally and externally generated words. To test how INR influences memory, subjects then generated and attempted to recall four more words.
All three subject groups remembered more internally generated than externally provided words without INR. Recall versus recognition of internally generated words differed by group, with PD+ subjects showing greatest improvement with recognition. The pAD subjects performed worse with INR than without INR, had the most intrusion errors, and, rather than demonstrating a release from proactive inhibition, recalled fewer words outside the category. Groups differed in overall recall/recognition improvement (p = 0.015).
Aged subjects preferentially retained internally generated material. However, among demented subjects, memory for internally generated words was influenced by the testing method used. PD+ subjects have poor internal recall, but excellent internal recognition. In pAD, memory for internally generated words may exceed external memory, but only when subjects are not explicitly trying to remember.
了解可能患有阿尔茨海默病（pAD）、“帕金森叠加”综合征（PD+）的患者以及对照组在不同条件下对内部生成材料的记忆情况。
“自我发现”或内部生成的知识受到教育工作者和治疗师的重视，可带来显著的行为改变。顶颞叶边缘系统（pAD）和额颞叶皮质下痴呆（如PD+）都会导致记忆障碍，但可能会引起不同的内外部记忆偏差。pAD患者会混淆内部和外部信息（虚构），并在记忆测试期间报告内部信息（侵入），可能倾向于记住内部材料。PD+患者在生成性测试中表现受损，可能存在外部偏差。
10名pAD患者、5名PD+患者和10名对照者在无记忆指令（INR）的情况下生成某一类别中的单词，并对内部和外部生成的单词进行附带记忆的列表学习测试。为了测试INR如何影响记忆，受试者随后又生成并尝试回忆另外四个单词。
在无INR的情况下，所有三个受试者组对内部生成单词的记忆都比对外部提供单词的记忆更好。内部生成单词的回忆与识别在不同组之间存在差异，PD+患者在识别方面表现出最大的改善。pAD患者在有INR时的表现比无INR时更差，侵入错误最多，并且没有表现出从主动抑制中释放，在类别之外回忆的单词更少。不同组在总体回忆/识别改善方面存在差异（p = 0.015）。
老年受试者优先保留内部生成的材料。然而，在痴呆患者中，对内部生成单词的记忆受到所使用测试方法的影响。PD+患者内部回忆较差，但内部识别良好。在pAD中，对内部生成单词的记忆可能超过外部记忆，但仅当受试者没有明确试图记忆时。
