Wolpaw J R, Birbaumer N, Heetderks W J, McFarland D J, Peckham P H, Schalk G, Donchin E, Quatrano L A, Robinson C J, Vaughan T M
Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and State University of New York, Albany 12201, USA.
IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 2000 Jun;8(2):164-73. doi: 10.1109/tre.2000.847807.
Over the past decade, many laboratories have begun to explore brain-computer interface (BCI) technology as a radically new communication option for those with neuromuscular impairments that prevent them from using conventional augmentative communication methods. BCI's provide these users with communication channels that do not depend on peripheral nerves and muscles. This article summarizes the first international meeting devoted to BCI research and development. Current BCI's use electroencephalographic (EEG) activity recorded at the scalp or single-unit activity recorded from within cortex to control cursor movement, select letters or icons, or operate a neuroprosthesis. The central element in each BCI is a translation algorithm that converts electrophysiological input from the user into output that controls external devices. BCI operation depends on effective interaction between two adaptive controllers, the user who encodes his or her commands in the electrophysiological input provided to the BCI, and the BCI which recognizes the commands contained in the input and expresses them in device control. Current BCI's have maximum information transfer rates of 5-25 b/min. Achievement of greater speed and accuracy depends on improvements in signal processing, translation algorithms, and user training. These improvements depend on increased interdisciplinary cooperation between neuroscientists, engineers, computer programmers, psychologists, and rehabilitation specialists, and on adoption and widespread application of objective methods for evaluating alternative methods. The practical use of BCI technology depends on the development of appropriate applications, identification of appropriate user groups, and careful attention to the needs and desires of individual users. BCI research and development will also benefit from greater emphasis on peer-reviewed publications, and from adoption of standard venues for presentations and discussion.
在过去十年中，许多实验室已开始探索脑机接口（BCI）技术，将其作为一种全新的通信方式，供那些因神经肌肉损伤而无法使用传统辅助通信方法的人使用。BCI为这些用户提供了不依赖外周神经和肌肉的通信渠道。本文总结了首届致力于BCI研发的国际会议。当前的BCI利用头皮记录的脑电图（EEG）活动或皮层内记录的单细胞活动来控制光标移动、选择字母或图标，或操作神经假体。每个BCI的核心要素是一种翻译算法，该算法将用户的电生理输入转换为控制外部设备的输出。BCI的操作取决于两个自适应控制器之间的有效交互，即用户（在提供给BCI的电生理输入中编码其命令）和BCI（识别输入中包含的命令并在设备控制中表达这些命令）。当前的BCI最大信息传输速率为5 - 25比特/分钟。要实现更高的速度和准确性，取决于信号处理、翻译算法和用户培训方面的改进。这些改进依赖于神经科学家、工程师、计算机程序员、心理学家和康复专家之间加强跨学科合作，以及采用和广泛应用评估替代方法的客观方法。BCI技术的实际应用取决于开发合适的应用程序、确定合适的用户群体，并认真关注个体用户的需求和愿望。BCI的研发还将受益于更加强调同行评审出版物，以及采用标准的展示和讨论场所。
