Liem A K, Fürst P, Rappe C
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Food Addit Contam. 2000 Apr;17(4):241-59. doi: 10.1080/026520300283324.
The present situation with respect to the exposure of the general human population to PCDDs, PCDFs and (dioxin-like) PCBs and specific issues that should be taken into consideration for a risk assessment of these exposures have been summarized. The information is based on studies performed in The Netherlands and Germany in the last 10 years. Additional data have been collected through a literature search and through many contacts with researchers and national authorities. The most important route for human exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and (dioxin-like) PCBs is food consumption contributing over 90% of total exposure, with products of animal origin and fish making the greatest contribution to this exposure. The dietary intake of PCDDs and PCDFs by the general population of industrialized countries is on average 1-3 picograms of (i)-TEQ per kilogram body weight per day. If the contribution of dioxin-like PCBs are also considered, the daily TEQ intake can be a factor of two to three higher. Special consumption habits and consumption of highly contaminated foodstuffs may lead to lower and higher TEQ intakes. In general, TEQ intake increases during childhood and stabilizes in adults of about 20 years of age. However, when normalized by body weight exposure is found to decrease with childhood age due to increasing body weight. Exposure has been shown to have fallen over time in all countries where data are available. Countries that started to implement measures to reduce dioxin emissions in the late 1980s, such as The Netherlands, United Kingdom and Germany, clearly show decreasing PCDD/PCDF and PCB levels in food and consequently a significantly lower dietary intake of these compounds by almost a factor of 2 within the past 7 years.
总结了普通人群接触多氯二苯并对二噁英、多氯二苯并呋喃和（类二噁英）多氯联苯的现状以及对这些接触进行风险评估时应考虑的具体问题。这些信息基于荷兰和德国在过去10年进行的研究。通过文献检索以及与研究人员和国家当局的多次联系收集了更多数据。人类接触多氯二苯并对二噁英、多氯二苯并呋喃和（类二噁英）多氯联苯的最重要途径是食物消费，其占总接触量的90%以上，动物源性产品和鱼类对这种接触的贡献最大。工业化国家普通人群通过饮食摄入的多氯二苯并对二噁英和多氯二苯并呋喃平均为每天每千克体重1 - 3皮克（国际毒性当量）。如果也考虑类二噁英多氯联苯的贡献，每日国际毒性当量摄入量可能会高出两到三倍。特殊的消费习惯和食用高度污染的食品可能导致国际毒性当量摄入量较低或较高。一般来说，国际毒性当量摄入量在儿童期增加，并在约20岁的成年人中稳定下来。然而，按体重归一化后，由于体重增加，接触量随儿童年龄增长而下降。在所有有数据的国家，接触量已随时间下降。在20世纪80年代末开始实施减少二噁英排放措施的国家，如荷兰、英国和德国，食品中的多氯二苯并对二噁英/多氯二苯并呋喃和多氯联苯水平明显下降，因此在过去7年中这些化合物的饮食摄入量显著降低，几乎降低了一半。
