Rutter M
University of London, UK.
Dev Psychopathol. 2000 Summer;12(3):375-405. doi: 10.1017/s0954579400003072.
Nongenetic factors have a major influence on psychopathology. Knowledge on specific psychosocial risk and protective mechanisms is more limited because of inadequate attention to measurement issues, person effects on the environment, and the possibility of genetic mediation. Nevertheless, a range of research strategies may be used to provide rigorous tests of causal hypotheses; these have shown the importance of environmentally mediated risks. Challenges for the future include greater use of such research strategies, improved measures of psychosocial risks that can be applied to large samples, investigation of origins of risks, identification of causes of time trends in levels of psychopathology, delineation of psychosocial effects on lifetime liability, understanding of environmental effects on the organism, appreciation of processes involved in developmental programming, and understanding of individual differences in susceptibility.
非遗传因素对精神病理学有重大影响。由于对测量问题、个体对环境的影响以及遗传介导可能性的关注不足，关于特定心理社会风险和保护机制的知识较为有限。尽管如此，一系列研究策略可用于对因果假设进行严格检验；这些研究表明了环境介导风险的重要性。未来的挑战包括更多地使用此类研究策略、改进可应用于大样本的心理社会风险测量方法、调查风险的起源、确定精神病理学水平随时间变化趋势的原因、描绘心理社会因素对终生易感性的影响、理解环境对生物体的影响、认识发育编程过程以及理解易感性的个体差异。
