MacLeod CM, MacDonald PA
Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, M1C 1A4., Ontario, Canada
Trends Cogn Sci. 2000 Oct 1;4(10):383-391. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01530-8.
In the classic Stroop effect, naming the color of an incompatible color word (e.g. the word RED printed in green ink; say, 'green') is much slower and more error-prone than is naming the color of a control item (e.g. XXX or CAT printed in green; say 'green'). This seemingly simple interference phenomenon has long provided a fertile testing ground for theories of the cognitive and neural components of selective attention. We present a sketch of the behavioral phenomenon, focusing on the idea that the relative automaticity of the two dimensions determines the direction and the degree of interdimensional interference between them. We then present an outline of current parallel processing explanations that instantiate this automaticity account, and we show how existing interference data are captured by such models. We also consider how Stroop facilitation (faster response of 'red' to RED printed in red) can be understood. Along the way, we describe research on two tasks that have emerged from the basic Stroop phenomenon - negative priming and the emotional Stroop task. Finally, we provide a survey of brain imaging research, highlighting the possible roles of the anterior cingulate in maintaining attentional set and in processing conflict or competition situations.
在经典的斯特鲁普效应中，说出与颜色不匹配的颜色词（例如用绿色墨水打印的单词RED；回答“绿色”）比说出对照项目（例如用绿色打印的XXX或CAT；回答“绿色”）的颜色要慢得多且更容易出错。这种看似简单的干扰现象长期以来一直为选择性注意的认知和神经成分理论提供了丰富的测试平台。我们概述了这种行为现象，重点关注两个维度的相对自动性决定它们之间跨维度干扰的方向和程度这一观点。然后我们概述了当前的并行处理解释，这些解释体现了这种自动性观点，并且展示了现有干扰数据是如何被此类模型所捕捉的。我们还思考了如何理解斯特鲁普促进效应（对用红色打印的RED回答“红色”时反应更快）。在此过程中，我们描述了从基本的斯特鲁普现象衍生出的两项任务的研究——负启动和情绪斯特鲁普任务。最后，我们对脑成像研究进行了综述，强调了前扣带回在维持注意定势以及处理冲突或竞争情境中可能发挥的作用。
