Dalgleish T, Joseph S, Yule W
University of Warwick.
Behav Modif. 2000 Oct;24(5):673-99. doi: 10.1177/0145445500245004.
A substantial body of data has been collected on survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster over the first 6 years. These data show the psychological effects to be considerable, and although they appear to decrease over time, 6 years later there remains a substantial minority that remains highly distressed. Our research has also pointed to those factors that appear to be important in determining the severity and chronicity of symptoms. Levels of crisis support early on seem to be protective. Not everyone has access to supportive others, and these people would seem to be at increased risk of disturbance. But even if crisis support is potentially available from family and friends, not everyone is in a position to draw on these resources. Those individuals who possess negative attitudes toward emotional expression might be less likely to seek out support. Evidence would suggest that modifying such attitudes might be an important component of intervention. A further target for intervention would seem to be the causal attributions made by survivors. It was found that those who perceived the causes of events during the disaster as internal and controllable were at greatest risk of psychological disturbance. The data gathered in the wake of this disaster suggest that intervening early with respect to these three components (crisis support, attitude to emotional expression, and attributional style) is highly likely to mitigate against long-term distress.
在“自由企业先驱号”灾难发生后的头6年里，已经收集了大量关于幸存者的数据。这些数据显示，心理影响相当大，尽管随着时间的推移这些影响似乎有所减轻，但6年后仍有相当一部分人极度痛苦。我们的研究还指出了那些在决定症状严重程度和持续性方面似乎很重要的因素。早期的危机支持似乎具有保护作用。并非每个人都能获得他人的支持，而这些人似乎受到干扰的风险更高。但即使家人和朋友可能提供危机支持，也不是每个人都能利用这些资源。那些对情感表达持消极态度的人可能不太可能寻求支持。有证据表明，改变这种态度可能是干预的一个重要组成部分。干预的另一个目标似乎是幸存者所做的因果归因。研究发现，那些将灾难期间事件的原因视为内在且可控的人，心理受到干扰的风险最大。这场灾难后收集的数据表明，尽早对这三个因素（危机支持、对情感表达的态度和归因方式）进行干预极有可能减轻长期痛苦。
