Singer R N
Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
Ergonomics. 2000 Oct;43(10):1661-80. doi: 10.1080/001401300750004078.
The cognitive psychology school of thought has spawned models of sequential stages or phases of information processing associated with various tasks. It has encouraged the study of cognitions and attention as related to learning, performance and high levels of achievement in goal-directed complex activities in which movement is the medium of expression. Although more recently proposed dynamical systems models challenge the simplicity of this approach, there is little doubt that the ability to learn as well as to excel in performing movement skills depends to a great degree on the effective self-regulation of cognitive processes in a variety of situations. What to think about (or not think about) prior to, during and even after an event can have great consequences on present and subsequent performance. Relevant externally-provided and self-generated strategies should enable these processes to function at an optimal level, and are the subject of an increasing amount of research. For such purposes, it is convenient to categorize events as self-paced (closed) and externally-paced (open). Examples of both types of events exist in sport as well as in various occupations and recreational activities, with different information processing demands associated with each one. Any breakdown in a particular stage of processing will potentially lead to poorer performance. Special training techniques and strategies are evolving from the cognitive and psychophysiological research literature that might improve the level of functioning at each stage for either self-paced or externally-paced skills.
认知心理学派催生了与各种任务相关的信息处理的顺序阶段或阶段模型。它鼓励研究与学习、表现以及在以运动为表达媒介的目标导向复杂活动中的高水平成就相关的认知和注意力。尽管最近提出的动态系统模型对这种方法的简单性提出了挑战，但毫无疑问，学习以及在执行运动技能方面表现出色的能力在很大程度上取决于在各种情况下对认知过程的有效自我调节。在事件发生之前、期间甚至之后思考什么（或不思考什么）可能会对当前和随后的表现产生重大影响。相关的外部提供和自我生成的策略应使这些过程能够在最佳水平上运作，并且是越来越多研究的主题。出于此类目的，将事件分类为自我节奏（封闭）和外部节奏（开放）很方便。这两种类型的事件在体育以及各种职业和娱乐活动中都存在，每种活动都有不同的信息处理需求。处理过程中特定阶段的任何故障都可能导致表现变差。从认知和心理生理学研究文献中正在演变出特殊的训练技术和策略，这些技术和策略可能会提高自我节奏或外部节奏技能在每个阶段的运作水平。
