Johnson R A, Hoffmann J P
National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Washington Office, 1350 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
J Health Soc Behav. 2000 Dec;41(4):392-407.
Using nationally representative data for 16,454 8th graders and 13,840 10th graders, we explore racial/ethnic differences in "daily cigarette initiation," beginning to smoke on a daily basis between baseline interviews and reinterviews conducted two years later. In both samples, the initiation rate among whites is more than double the rate among blacks and higher than rates among Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics. Risk factors at the individual, family, and peer-group levels of analysis do not explain most racial/ethnic differences. We develop alternative hypotheses by extending theories of cigarette use to the school level, and we test them using multilevel models: Consistent with social learning theory, cigarette risk among blacks and Hispanics decreases as the percentage of racial/ethnic minority students in the school increases. Consistent with strain theory, cigarette risk increases with the academic competitiveness of the school--especially among females--after controlling for the adolescent's academic performance.
利用针对16454名八年级学生和13840名十年级学生的全国代表性数据，我们探讨了“每日开始吸烟”方面的种族/族裔差异，即在基线访谈和两年后进行的重新访谈之间开始每日吸烟的情况。在两个样本中，白人的开始吸烟率均超过黑人的两倍，且高于亚裔/太平洋岛民和西班牙裔的比率。个体、家庭和同龄人群体层面的分析中的风险因素并不能解释大多数种族/族裔差异。我们通过将吸烟使用理论扩展到学校层面来提出替代假设，并使用多层次模型对其进行检验：与社会学习理论一致，随着学校中少数种族/族裔学生的百分比增加，黑人和西班牙裔的吸烟风险会降低。与紧张理论一致，在控制青少年学业成绩后，吸烟风险会随着学校的学术竞争力增加而增加——尤其是在女性中。
