Daszak P, Cunningham A A, Hyatt A D
Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, USA.
Acta Trop. 2001 Feb 23;78(2):103-16. doi: 10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00179-0.
By using the criteria that define emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of humans, we can identify a similar group of EIDs in wildlife. In the current review we highlight an important series of wildlife EIDs: amphibian chytridiomycosis; diseases of marine invertebrates and vertebrates and two recently-emerged viral zoonoses, Nipah virus disease and West Nile virus disease. These exemplify the varied etiology, pathogenesis, zoonotic potential and ecological impact of wildlife EIDs. Strikingly similar underlying factors drive disease emergence in both human and wildlife populations. These are predominantly ecological and almost entirely the product of human environmental change. The implications of wildlife EIDs are twofold: emerging wildlife diseases cause direct and indirect loss of biodiversity and add to the threat of zoonotic disease emergence. Since human environmental changes are largely responsible for their emergence, the threats wildlife EIDs pose to biodiversity and human health represent yet another consequence of anthropogenic influence on ecosystems. We identify key areas where existing expertise in ecology, conservation biology, wildlife biology, veterinary medicine and the impact of environmental change would augment programs to investigate emerging diseases of humans, and we comment on the need for greater medical and microbiological input into the study of wildlife diseases.
通过运用界定人类新发传染病（EIDs）的标准，我们能够在野生动物中识别出类似的一组新发传染病。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了一系列重要的野生动物新发传染病：两栖类壶菌病；海洋无脊椎动物和脊椎动物疾病，以及两种最近出现的病毒性人畜共患病，即尼帕病毒病和西尼罗河病毒病。这些例证了野生动物新发传染病病因、发病机制、人畜共患病潜力及生态影响的多样性。在人类和野生动物种群中，驱动疾病出现的潜在因素惊人地相似。这些因素主要是生态因素，几乎完全是人类环境变化的产物。野生动物新发传染病的影响是双重的：新发野生动物疾病导致生物多样性的直接和间接丧失，并增加了人畜共患病出现的威胁。由于人类环境变化在很大程度上导致了它们的出现，野生动物新发传染病对生物多样性和人类健康构成的威胁代表了人为影响生态系统的又一后果。我们确定了一些关键领域，在这些领域，生态学、保护生物学、野生动物生物学、兽医学以及环境变化影响方面的现有专业知识将加强对人类新发疾病的调查项目，并且我们评论了在野生动物疾病研究中增加医学和微生物学投入的必要性。
