Osler M, Heitmann B L, Schroll M
Department of Social Medicine and Psychosocial Health, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Aug;51(8):535-41. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600438.
To describe 10 year trends and individual changes in food habits of Danish men and women in relation to dietary recommendations using data from both a cohort and a repeated cross-sectional study, and to examine whether the two sampling methods give similar results.
Baseline data were collected in 1982-1984 and respectively repeated measurements for cohort and cross-sectional changes in food habits.
The County of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Men and women aged 30-70y in 1982-1984, 1986-1988 and 1992-1994. The trend analyses included 3785 subjects for cohort and 7316 for cross-sectional study, respectively. Longitudinal changes were studied among 2430 individuals with food data from all three examinations.
Food intakes were estimated using a short food frequency questionnaire.
During the study period both men and women reported a decreased intake frequency of animal and vegetable fats, milk, eggs, meat products, white bread and potatoes, while they had increased intakes of low-fat margarine, fruit, raw vegetables, coarse breads, oatmeal, pasta, rice, cakes and candy. In both men and women the decrease in the consumption frequency of, white bread and potatoes, and the increase in pasta, and candy, were higher in the younger than in the older age group. In contrast, the increased consumption frequency of coarse breads, and oatmeal were most pronounced in the older age groups. For most foods the cohort and the repeated cross-sectional surveys gave similar results.
From 1982 through 1994 the food habits of middle-aged Danish men and women changed in the direction of a more healthy diet as recommended by health authorities. With the limitation of a possible reporting bias both the cohort and repeated cross-sectional study designs may be used for monitoring changes in food intake.
利用队列研究和重复横断面研究的数据，描述丹麦男性和女性饮食习惯与饮食建议相关的10年趋势及个体变化，并检验两种抽样方法是否得出相似结果。
1982 - 1984年收集基线数据，并分别对饮食习惯的队列变化和横断面变化进行重复测量。
丹麦哥本哈根郡。
1982 - 1984年、1986 - 1988年和1992 - 1994年年龄在30 - 70岁的男性和女性。趋势分析队列研究包括3785名受试者，横断面研究包括7316名受试者。对2430名在所有三次检查中均有饮食数据的个体进行纵向变化研究。
使用简短食物频率问卷估计食物摄入量。
在研究期间，男性和女性均报告动物脂肪、植物脂肪、牛奶、鸡蛋、肉类产品、白面包和土豆的摄入频率下降，而低脂人造黄油、水果、生蔬菜、粗面包、燕麦片,、意大利面、米饭、蛋糕和糖果的摄入量增加。男性和女性中，白面包和土豆消费频率的下降以及意大利面和糖果消费频率的增加在较年轻年龄组中高于较年长年龄组。相比之下，粗面包和燕麦片消费频率的增加在较年长年龄组中最为明显。对于大多数食物，队列研究和重复横断面调查得出了相似的结果。
从1982年到1994年，丹麦中年男性和女性的饮食习惯朝着卫生当局推荐的更健康饮食方向变化。鉴于可能存在报告偏倚的局限性，队列研究和重复横断面研究设计均可用于监测食物摄入量的变化。
