Onceva S, Donev D, Gligorov I
Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, R Macedonia.
Med Arh. 2001;55(1):27-8.
To evaluate students attitude and behaviour (16 years old) towards their lifestyle in consumption of tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs; drugs' availability and the problems related; as well as some social and financial aspects; social relations of students etc.
A survey was conveyed with students from different ethnic groups--16 years old from every school in the country. ESPAD 99 unified questionnaire was used.
TOBACCO: 42% persons responded that they have never taken tobacco in their life. 17% has taken a cigarette 1-2 times and 20% have used tobacco over 40 times/occasions (Macedonians 22%, Albanians 11% (12 = 24.92 for p < 0.05). During the last month, 37% youngsters in Macedonia have taken tobacco (in Ireland-41%, Finland 37%, Italy 36%, Croatia 32% and Slovenia 19%). ALCOHOL: 31% persons responded that they have never tried alcohol in their life (Macedonians 20%, Albanians 77% and Turks 76%). Ti is the similar situation for not-taking alcohol during the last year (Macedonians 30%, Albanians 83%, Turks 76%) and in the last month (54% Macedonians, 88% Albanians and 85% Turks). 33% responded they have been drunk at least once in their life 51% Macedonians, 11% Albanians and 14% Turks), and during the last month 20%. Most frequent used alcohol drink is wine (4.4% have used it over 40 times during the last month). Asked if they think they will take alcohol when they will have 25 years, 33% Macedonians, 73% Albanians and 77% Turks responded negative. ILLEGAL DRUGS: Around 1/4 stated that their friends are taking marijuana. 2.5% stated that most of their friends take marijuana. 8% stated that their friend take ecstasy, 3.6% stated that some of their friends take heroin. 5% responded they have taken tranquilizers-sedatives in the period less than 3 weeks. In average, 2.8% respondents wanted to try illegal drug--Serbs- (20.6%), Roma (21%) and Macedonians (14.3%), Albanians (6.5) and Turks (6.9%). 1.28% stated they have smoked heroin 1-2 times. Intravenous heroin used over 40 times 0.4% respondents. Ecstasy tried 1-2 times 0.64%, alcohol + tablets took 2.9% respondents. Alcohol and marijuana in the same time tried 1-2 times in life time 2.37% or in total 4.13%. Asked if they feel themselves lonely, positively responded 28% or 26% Macedonians, 37% Albanians, 35% Turks and 30% Serbs. Asked if they are satisfied with the finance situation in their home 32.4% responded very satisfied. There is significant difference among different ethnic groups (Macedonians 23%, Albanians 71%, Turks 54%, Serbs 27% and Roma 47%). Not satisfactory situation is at 8.36% Macedonians, 0.7% Albanians, 2.3% Turks, 5.9% Serbs and 5.2% Roma.
58% persons responded taken tobacco in their life. There are significant differences in alcohol consumption among different ethnic groups--Albanians and Turks take alcohol more rarely than Macedonians, due to the cultural/religious circumstances. Experimenting with drugs is Ok for males-more than females. However, youngsters are pretty lonely (1/3 have stated that they are lonely most of the time). There is a need for realization of health promotional curricula in schools, that will include life skills education and strengthening of personality, self esteem development and care for their own health to prevent drug addiction.
评估学生（16岁）对其烟草、酒精和非法药物消费生活方式的态度及行为；毒品的可得性及相关问题；以及一些社会和经济方面；学生的社会关系等。
对来自不同种族的16岁学生进行了一项调查，这些学生来自该国的每所学校。使用了ESPAD 99统一问卷。
烟草：42%的人表示他们一生中从未吸过烟。17%的人吸过1 - 2次香烟，20%的人使用烟草超过40次/场合（马其顿人22%，阿尔巴尼亚人11%（卡方检验值为24.92，p < 0.05）。在过去一个月里，马其顿37%的青少年吸过烟（爱尔兰为41%，芬兰为37%，意大利为36%，克罗地亚为32%，斯洛文尼亚为19%）。酒精：31%的人表示他们一生中从未尝试过酒精（马其顿人20%，阿尔巴尼亚人77%，土耳其人76%）。在过去一年里不饮酒的情况类似（马其顿人30%，阿尔巴尼亚人83%，土耳其人76%），在过去一个月里也是如此（马其顿人54%，阿尔巴尼亚人88%，土耳其人85%）。33%的人表示他们一生中至少喝醉过一次（马其顿人51%，阿尔巴尼亚人11%，土耳其人14%），在过去一个月里为20%。最常饮用的酒精饮料是葡萄酒（4.4%的人在过去一个月里饮用超过40次）。当被问及他们认为自己25岁时是否会饮酒时，33%的马其顿人、73%的阿尔巴尼亚人和77%的土耳其人回答不会。非法药物：约四分之一的人表示他们的朋友吸食大麻。2.5%的人表示他们的大多数朋友吸食大麻。8%的人表示他们的朋友服用摇头丸，3.6%的人表示他们的一些朋友吸食海洛因。5%的人回答他们在不到3周的时间里服用过镇静剂。平均而言，2.8%的受访者想尝试非法药物——塞尔维亚人（20.6%）、罗姆人（21%）、马其顿人（14.3%）、阿尔巴尼亚人（6.5%）和土耳其人（6.9%）。1.28%的人表示他们吸食过海洛因1 - 2次。超过40次静脉注射海洛因的占0.4%的受访者。尝试过1 - 2次摇头丸的占0.64%，同时服用酒精和药片的占2.9%的受访者。一生中同时尝试过1 - 2次酒精和大麻的占2.37%，总计4.13%。当被问及他们是否感到孤独时，28%的人或26%的马其顿人、37%的阿尔巴尼亚人、35%的土耳其人和30%的塞尔维亚人给出肯定回答。当被问及他们是否对家庭经济状况满意时，32.4%的人回答非常满意。不同种族之间存在显著差异（马其顿人23%，阿尔巴尼亚人71%，土耳其人54%，塞尔维亚人27%，罗姆人47%）。马其顿人中有8.36%、阿尔巴尼亚人中有0.7%、土耳其人中有2.3%、塞尔维亚人中有5.9%、罗姆人中有5.2%的情况不满意。
58%的人表示一生中吸过烟。不同种族在酒精消费方面存在显著差异——由于文化/宗教原因，阿尔巴尼亚人和土耳其人比马其顿人更少饮酒。男性比女性更倾向于尝试毒品。然而，青少年相当孤独（三分之一的人表示他们大部分时间都很孤独）。有必要在学校开展健康促进课程，包括生活技能教育、强化个性、发展自尊以及关爱自身健康，以预防药物成瘾。
