Ljubotina Damir, Galić Jadranko, Jukić Vlado
Department of Psychology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
Croat Med J. 2004 Feb;45(1):88-98.
To examine the prevalence and possible interconnections among the frequencies of consuming various psychoactive substances in Zagreb adolescents. Also, to assess risk factors associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana.
We applied an anonymous, multi-dimensional, self-reporting questionnaire on a representative sample of 2,404 elementary and high school students (total age range, 13-23 years) from Zagreb, Croatia. The questionnaire was designed to explore the extent to which examinees consumed various psychoactive substances, as well as to assess their attitudes and knowledge about the substances. The socio-demographic data were collected on all examinees, their hierarchy of values, family relations, adjustment to school, relationships with peers, and high-risk and delinquent behavior. We analyzed the interconnections among the frequencies of consuming various psychoactive substances, and assessed the factors possibly predictive of substance use.
Almost 90% of all examinees experimented with alcohol at least once, 80% with tobacco, 39% with marijuana, and 9% with Ecstasy. Thirty-six percent consumed alcohol and 11% marijuana several times a month, whereas 28% smoked tobacco daily. Although there was no statistically significant difference according to sex in experimenting with psychoactive substances, day-to-day abuse was significantly more frequent among young men than women. About 43% of our examinees believed consuming marijuana should become legally permitted, 37% were against this policy, and 21% were undecided on this issue. Our results showed a high degree of interconnection among the frequencies of consuming tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. We also found that the best predictive factors for consumption of these three substances were a history of high-risk and delinquent behavior, troubled adjustment to school, domination of hedonistic values, and poor family relations. Regression analysis and pondering for ratios of particular predictors of psychoactive substances use gave values for coefficients of multiple regression as follows: R=0.548 (R(2)=0.300; p<0.001) for tobacco, R=0.575 (R(2)=0.330; p<0.001) for alcohol, and R=0.608 (R(2)=0.370; p<0.001) for marijuana. Knowledge about the consequences of consuming psychoactive substances positively correlated with the frequency of consuming tobacco (r=0.213, p<0.001), alcohol (r=0.226, p<0.001), and marijuana (r=0.320, p<0.001).
Most adolescents had personal experience with psychoactive substance abuse, mostly alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, but only a smaller proportion became regular consumers. The frequency of substance consumption implied a generalized tendency towards substance abuse among Zagreb adolescents. Our findings could serve as empirical basis for the re-evaluation of the current drug prevention programs and programs aimed at preventing other forms of risk behavior among children and adolescents.
研究萨格勒布青少年中使用各种精神活性物质的流行情况及其频率之间可能存在的相互联系。同时，评估与烟草、酒精和大麻使用相关的风险因素。
我们对来自克罗地亚萨格勒布的2404名中小学生（年龄范围为13至23岁）的代表性样本应用了一份匿名的、多维度的自填问卷。该问卷旨在探究受试者使用各种精神活性物质的程度，以及评估他们对这些物质的态度和知识。收集了所有受试者的社会人口统计学数据、他们的价值观层次、家庭关系、学校适应情况、同伴关系以及高风险和违法犯罪行为。我们分析了使用各种精神活性物质频率之间的相互联系，并评估了可能预测物质使用的因素。
几乎90%的受试者至少尝试过一次酒精，80%尝试过烟草，39%尝试过大麻，9%尝试过摇头丸。36%的人每月多次饮酒，11%的人每月多次吸食大麻，而28%的人每天吸烟。虽然在尝试精神活性物质方面，按性别没有统计学上的显著差异，但日常滥用在年轻男性中比女性更为频繁。约43%的受试者认为吸食大麻应该合法化，37%反对这一政策，21%对此问题未作决定。我们的结果表明，烟草、酒精和大麻的使用频率之间存在高度的相互联系。我们还发现，这三种物质使用的最佳预测因素是有高风险和违法犯罪行为史、学校适应困难、享乐主义价值观占主导以及家庭关系不佳。对精神活性物质使用的特定预测因素进行回归分析和比值考量后，得出的多元回归系数值如下：烟草的R = 0.548（R² = 0.300；p < 0.001），酒精的R = 0.575（R² = 0.330；p < 0.001），大麻的R = 0.608（R² = 0.370；p < 0.001）。对精神活性物质使用后果的了解与烟草（r = 0.
