Greer F R
Departments of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001 Apr;48(2):415-23. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(08)70034-8.
Table 2 shows that human milk will not meet the DRI for all vitamins in breastfeeding infants. The most glaring discrepancy between intake and the RDA is for vitamin D, although, as discussed, infants may synthesize this from sunlight exposure. Vitamin K must be given in the newborn period. Deficiencies of other vitamins are rare, especially if mothers are nourished adequately. If breastfeeding infants are to be supplemented with vitamin D or any other vitamins, the standard liquid preparations available all contain large amounts of the water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins (except for vitamin K), which more than meets the RDA. The milk content of thiamin, pyridoxine, and niacin is correlated highly with maternal intake, and these vitamins are all present in relatively large amounts in standard multivitamin tablets given to lactating mothers. In conclusion, in healthy, breastfed infants of well-nourished mothers, there is little risk for vitamin deficiencies and the need for vitamin supplementation is rare. The exceptions to this are a need for vitamin K in the immediate newborn period and vitamin D in breastfed infants with dark skin or inadequate sunlight exposure.
表2显示，母乳无法满足母乳喂养婴儿对所有维生素的膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRI）。摄入量与推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）之间最明显的差异在于维生素D，不过，如前文所述，婴儿可通过阳光照射合成该维生素。维生素K必须在新生儿期给予。其他维生素缺乏情况很少见，尤其是母亲营养充足时。如果要给母乳喂养的婴儿补充维生素D或任何其他维生素，现有的标准液体制剂均含有大量的水溶性和脂溶性维生素（维生素K除外），远远超过了推荐膳食摄入量。硫胺素、吡哆醇和烟酸的母乳含量与母亲摄入量高度相关，并且这些维生素在给予哺乳期母亲的标准复合维生素片中含量都相对较高。总之，在营养良好的母亲所哺育的健康母乳喂养婴儿中，维生素缺乏风险很小，很少需要补充维生素。例外情况是，新生儿期即刻需要补充维生素K，而皮肤黝黑或阳光照射不足的母乳喂养婴儿需要补充维生素D。
