Lyons M J, Campbell R, Plante A, Coleman M, Kamachi M, Akamatsu S
Advanced Telecommunications Research International Media Integration and Communications Research Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikari-dai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.
Proc Biol Sci. 2000 Nov 22;267(1459):2239-45. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1274.
Full-face masks, worn by skilled actors in the Noh tradition, can induce a variety of perceived expressions with changes in head orientation. Out-of-plane rotation of the head changes the two-dimensional image characteristics of the face which viewers may misinterpret as non-rigid changes due to muscle action. Three experiments with Japanese and British viewers explored this effect. Experiment 1 confirmed a systematic relationship between vertical angle of view of a Noh mask and judged affect. A forward tilted mask was more often judged happy, and one backward tilted more often judged sad. This effect was moderated by culture. Japanese viewers ascribed happiness to the mask at greater degrees of backward tilt with a reversal towards sadness at extreme forward angles. Cropping the facial image of chin and upper head contour reduced the forward-tilt reversal. Finally, the relationship between head tilt and affect was replicated with a laser-scanned human face image, but with no cultural effect. Vertical orientation of the head changes the apparent disposition of facial features and viewers respond systematically to these changes. Culture moderates this effect, and we discuss how perceptual strategies for ascribing expression to familiar and unfamiliar images may account for the differences.
能剧传统中，技艺娴熟的演员所佩戴的全脸面具，会随着头部方位的变化引发各种不同的表情感知。头部的平面外旋转会改变面部的二维图像特征，观众可能会将其误解为因肌肉动作而产生的非刚性变化。针对日本和英国观众开展的三项实验探究了这种效应。实验1证实了能剧面具的垂直视角与判断出的情感之间存在系统关联。向前倾斜的面具更常被判定为表现出高兴的情绪，而向后倾斜的面具则更常被判定为表现出悲伤的情绪。这种效应受到文化的调节。日本观众在面具向后倾斜幅度更大时将其判定为表现出高兴的情绪，而在面具极度向前倾斜时则转向判定为悲伤的情绪。裁剪掉下巴和头部上轮廓的面部图像，减少了向前倾斜时的反转现象。最后，利用激光扫描的人脸图像重现了头部倾斜与情感之间的关系，但未发现文化效应。头部的垂直方位改变了面部特征的表观布局，观众会对这些变化做出系统性反应。文化调节了这种效应，我们讨论了将表情赋予熟悉和不熟悉图像的感知策略如何解释这些差异。
