Machi S
Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi. 1999 Sep;45(3 Pt 1495):339-72.
The Igakkan was an institute for medical education in Tokugawa Japan, which was founded by Taki Motoaka (1693-1766) in 1765 and became a bakufu institution in 1791. This paper looks at the latter process (for the purpose of this abstract, I will refer to this as bureaucratization) in the context of Tokugawa educational policy, particularly in comparison with Shoheiko, a school for training bureaucrats. Also, this paper examines sources written during the Kansei period (1789-1801), many of which have been neglected in the field. I show that the Kansei reforms significantly shaped medical thought in the late Tokugawa period. The paper is divided into three parts, and will be published in this and the two forthcoming issues. The titles of the three parts are as follows: Part 1. The Founding of the Igakkan Part 2. Government doctors during the Kansei Reform Period, As Seen in Yoshino zoshi Part 3. The Place of Evidential Scholarship in the late Tokugawa Period. In Part 1, I show that while the Shoheiko confirmed Shushigaku (sometimes referred to as Neo-Confucianism) as an orthodoxy, supporting the existing political structure, the scholars in the Igakkan were never confined by Sushigaku.
医学校是德川时代日本的一所医学教育机构，由泷本孝温（1693 - 1766）于1765年创立，并于1791年成为幕府机构。本文从德川教育政策的背景下审视了后一过程（在本摘要中，我将此称为官僚化），特别是与培养官僚的学校昌平坂学问所进行比较。此外，本文还研究了宽政时期（1789 - 1801）撰写的资料，其中许多在该领域一直被忽视。我表明宽政改革对德川后期的医学思想产生了重大影响。本文分为三个部分，将在本期以及接下来的两期发表。三个部分的标题如下：第一部分. 医学校的创立；第二部分. 从《吉野草纸》看宽政改革时期的御医生；第三部分. 实证学术在德川后期的地位。在第一部分中，我表明，虽然昌平坂学问所将朱子学（有时称为新儒学）确认为正统学说，支持现有的政治结构，但医学校的学者从未受到朱子学的束缚。
