Plessis J L, Theodorides J
Hist Sci Med. 1998;32(3):279-86.
Born in 1820 Joseph-Desire Tholozan joined in 1841 as "chirurgien sous-aide auxiliaire" the French military Health Service, being still a medical student in Marseille where the School of Medicine was directed by his uncle F. Cauviere. He was later appointed at the hospital of Bastia, obtained his M.D. (Paris 1843), went back to Marseille and later to Metz (1845) and Paris, at the Val-de-Grace (1846-47). He returned there as assistant physician (1851) and later as professor "agrege" of Medicine (1852), his agregation thesis devoted to hematology being presided by Andral. Tholozan later participated to the Crimean war (1854-55) during which he performed important observations on infectious diseases (cholera, dysentery, typhus, typhoid fever) or deficiency ones (scurvy, acrodynia). An unpublished report given here deals with a probable epidemic of murine typhus occurring in soldiers returning from Crimea on an American ship which had been used to transport horses. Promoted first class major physician (1857) Tholozan was chosen in 1858 by the French ministry of Foreign Affairs to become the physician of the Shah of Persia, Nasreddin Shah. In this country where he remained until his death (1897) he will have a threefold activity as organizer of the medical teaching, epidemiologist (of plague and cholera) and as a surgeon. Principal first class physician (the equivalent of Physician-Colonel) in 1868, he was definitely dismissed from the Army in 1880.
约瑟夫 - 德西雷·托洛赞出生于1820年，1841年作为“助理外科军医”加入法国军队卫生服务，当时他仍是一名医学生，就读于马赛，那里的医学院由他的叔叔F. 考维耶掌管。他后来被任命到巴斯蒂亚医院工作，获得医学博士学位（1843年于巴黎），回到马赛，之后前往梅斯（1845年）和巴黎，在荣军院工作（1846 - 1847年）。1851年他回到荣军院担任助理医师，后来成为医学“特聘”教授（1852年），他的特聘论文专注于血液学，由安德拉主持。托洛赞后来参加了克里米亚战争（1854 - 1855年），在此期间他对传染病（霍乱、痢疾、斑疹伤寒、伤寒热）或营养缺乏性疾病（坏血病、肢痛症）进行了重要观察。这里给出的一份未发表报告涉及一场可能的鼠型斑疹伤寒疫情，该疫情发生在一艘曾用于运输马匹的美国船只上从克里米亚返回的士兵中。1857年晋升为一等主任医师的托洛赞在1858年被法国外交部选中，成为波斯国王纳赛尔丁·沙阿的御医。在这个他一直待到去世（1897年）的国家，他将身兼三重职责，即医学教学组织者、流行病学家（针对鼠疫和霍乱）以及外科医生。1868年成为首席一等医师（相当于军医上校），1880年他最终从军队退役。
