Friedrich V
Rev Int Hist Psychanal. 1988;1:323-48.
Many psychoanalysts of the second generation, among them Clara Happel (1889-1945) were forced to emigrate at the time of the National Socialist domination. The experience of a total upheaval in the history of the world during the emigration period shattered this second generation's feeling of being pioneers. On the intra-psychic plane this was the equivalent of a serious identity crisis. The psychic state among the emigrés is described, using the fate of Clara Happel as an example. She had to master and work through "doubts and losses of all kinds". She did not succeed in escaping the reality of the annihilation which threatened her. The experience of the Nazi domination, the ravages of the Second World War, the reality of a policy of the extermination of men by men and the rise of the danger of nuclear destruction sharpened the process of mourning for things lost. She plunged into a conflict of profound ambivalence. The materialization of the nuclear danger with the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought her face to face with her own frenzy for revenge. The shadow of objective reality fell across her ego in the form of melancholia. She lost the struggle with a reality which had become psychotic. The outside world replaced her inner life. She committed suicide on September 15, 1945. Her fate as a refugee shows that there are some situations where it is impossible to work through the conflict of ambivalence.
第二代精神分析学家中有许多人，其中包括克拉拉·哈佩尔（1889 - 1945），在纳粹统治时期被迫移民。移民时期世界历史的彻底剧变打破了这第二代人的先驱者之感。在内心层面，这相当于一场严重的身份认同危机。本文以克拉拉·哈佩尔的命运为例，描述了移民者的心理状态。她不得不掌控并梳理“各种各样的疑虑和损失”。她未能逃脱威胁着她的毁灭现实。纳粹统治的经历、第二次世界大战的蹂躏、人对人的灭绝政策的现实以及核毁灭危险的加剧，强化了对失去之物的哀悼过程。她陷入了深刻的矛盾冲突之中。广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸使核危险成为现实，这让她直面自己的复仇狂热。客观现实的阴影以忧郁症的形式笼罩着她的自我。她在与已然变得疯狂的现实的斗争中失败了。外部世界取代了她的内心生活。她于1945年9月15日自杀。她作为难民的命运表明，在某些情况下，矛盾冲突是无法梳理清楚的。
