Gosling Samuel D, Ko Sei Jin, Mannarelli Thomas, Morris Margaret E
Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002 Mar;82(3):379-98. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.3.379.
The authors articulate a model specifying links between (a) individuals and the physical environments they occupy and (b) the environments and observers' impressions of the occupants. Two studies examined the basic phenomena underlying this model: Interobserver consensus, observer accuracy, cue utilization, and cue validity. Observer ratings based purely on offices or bedrooms were compared with self- and peer ratings of occupants and with physical features of the environments. Findings, which varied slightly across contexts and traits, suggest that (a) personal environments elicit similar impressions from independent observers, (b) observer impressions show some accuracy, (c) observers rely on valid cues in the rooms to form impressions of occupants, and (d) sex and race stereotypes partially mediate observer consensus and accuracy. Consensus and accuracy correlations were generally stronger than those found in zero-acquaintance research.
作者阐述了一个模型，该模型明确了（a）个体与其所占据的物理环境之间的联系，以及（b）环境与观察者对居住者的印象之间的联系。两项研究考察了该模型背后的基本现象：观察者间的一致性、观察者的准确性、线索利用以及线索有效性。将纯粹基于办公室或卧室的观察者评分与居住者的自我评分和同伴评分以及环境的物理特征进行了比较。研究结果在不同情境和特征下略有差异，表明（a）个人环境会从独立观察者那里引发相似的印象，（b）观察者的印象具有一定准确性，（c）观察者依靠房间中的有效线索来形成对居住者的印象，并且（d）性别和种族刻板印象部分地调节了观察者的一致性和准确性。一致性和准确性的相关性通常比在零熟人研究中发现的更强。
