Salmon Karen, Pereira John Kieran
School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
J Pediatr Psychol. 2002 Apr-May;27(3):227-33. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/27.3.227.
To investigate the relative contributions of effortful control (reflecting the child's ability to shift and refocus attention) and parental coping- and distress-promoting behaviors to children's coping and distress during the voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG, X-ray of the kidneys).
Thirty-two children between ages 2 and 7 years were videotaped undergoing the VCUG. Parent and child behaviors were coded according to the CAMPIS-R (Blount et al., 1997), and parents completed a temperament inventory assessing effortful control across a range of everyday situations.
Children manifested relatively high rates of distress and low rates of coping. Their coping attempts were not associated with reduced rates of distress. The most frequent child coping behavior was distraction. Both effortful control and parent coping-promoting behavior (particularly talk about topics other than the VCUG) made independent contributions to child coping behavior. Parent distress-promoting behavior (particularly reassurance) made a strong contribution to child distress behavior.
Factors relating to the child (effortful control) and parent (coping and distress-promoting behaviors) both contribute to children's response to an aversive medical procedure. Interventions that facilitate parent coping and promoting behavior, reduce their distress-promoting behavior, and compensate for children's infrequent and ineffective use of coping strategies (such as distraction) may be optimal for young children, particularly those low in effortful control.
探讨努力控制（反映儿童转移和重新集中注意力的能力）以及父母的应对促进和苦恼促进行为对儿童在排尿性膀胱尿道造影（VCUG，肾脏X光检查）期间的应对和苦恼的相对影响。
对32名2至7岁的儿童在接受VCUG检查时进行录像。根据CAMPIS-R（布朗特等人，1997年）对父母和儿童的行为进行编码，父母完成一份气质量表，评估在一系列日常情境中的努力控制情况。
儿童表现出相对较高的苦恼率和较低的应对率。他们的应对尝试与苦恼率的降低无关。最常见的儿童应对行为是分散注意力。努力控制和父母的应对促进行为（特别是谈论VCUG以外的话题）都对儿童的应对行为有独立的影响。父母的苦恼促进行为（特别是安慰）对儿童的苦恼行为有很大影响。
与儿童相关的因素（努力控制）和父母相关的因素（应对和苦恼促进行为）都对儿童对厌恶的医疗程序的反应有影响。促进父母应对和促进行为、减少他们的苦恼促进行为以及弥补儿童应对策略使用不频繁和无效（如分散注意力）的干预措施，可能对幼儿最为理想，尤其是那些努力控制能力较低的幼儿。
