Evans Gary W, Kantrowitz Elyse
Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4401, USA.
Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:303-31. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349. Epub 2002 Jan 10.
Among several viable explanations for the ubiquitous SES-health gradient is differential exposure to environmental risk. We document evidence of inverse relations between income and other indices of SES with environmental risk factors including hazardous wastes and other toxins, ambient and indoor air pollutants, water quality, ambient noise, residential crowding, housing quality, educational facilities, work environments, and neighborhood conditions. We then briefly overview evidence that such exposures are inimical to health and well-being. We conclude with a discussion of the research and policy implications of environmental justice, arguing that a particularly salient feature of poverty for health consequences is exposure to multiple environmental risk factors.
对于普遍存在的社会经济地位与健康之间的梯度关系，有几种可行的解释，其中之一是对环境风险的不同暴露程度。我们记录了收入和其他社会经济地位指标与环境风险因素之间的反比关系证据，这些环境风险因素包括危险废物和其他毒素、室内外空气污染物、水质、环境噪音、居住拥挤程度、住房质量、教育设施、工作环境和邻里条件。然后，我们简要概述了此类暴露对健康和福祉有害的证据。我们最后讨论了环境正义的研究和政策意义，认为贫困对健康后果的一个特别显著特征是暴露于多种环境风险因素。
